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[hal-05749734] Analyzing the socio-technical lock-in that prevents a widespread development of diversified vegetable crop rotations to control pests and diseases. Studies on farms involved in long supply channels in south-eastern France
Despite public incentives for a steep reduction in pesticide use, the French market-gardening sector faces difficulties implementing agroecological cropping systems that use fewer pesticides, and particularly systems that practice crop diversification. Such changes would require extensive redesigning of cropping systems. How can the transition of large, specialized farms that occupy most of France's farmland be supported? Two case studies were undertaken in south-eastern France, in which 49 actors in the agrifood system were interviewed to identify the current barriers to crop diversification and the levers that might facilitate it. Six issues to diversify crop rotations faced by marketgardeners were identified: difficult access to agroecological inputs; lack of specific machinery; lack of land; work-related barriers; lack of knowledge; and commercial barriers. Most barriers experienced by market-gardeners were linked to barriers experienced by other agrifood system actors, and were strongly interconnected. This illustrates the sociotechnical lock-in around the diversification of crop rotations to control pests and diseases. Such knowledge is a resource to further co-design innovations with the agrifood system actors, to overcome the socio-technical lock-in identified.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Mireille Navarrete) 16 Sep 2026
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-05749734v1
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[hal-05658127] Does higher diversity in cropping systems ensure improved agroecosystem functions over the long term? A 60-year modeling study under future climate-change scenarios
In the context of multiple crises, transitioning from input-intensive to biodiversity-based cropping systems is imperative to improve agroecosystem sustainability and resilience. A key feature of biodiversity-based cropping systems is higher crop diversity. Long-term assessments of such systems are crucial to determine impacts of higher crop diversity, but these assessments remain rare. This study assessed impacts of higher crop diversity on four agroecosystem functions: soil organic carbon (C) sequestration, nitrogen (N) leaching mitigation, soil water availability for crops, and crop biomass production. The STICS soil-crop model was used to simulate three independent cropping systems with increasing levels of crop diversity (low, medium, and high) over a 60-year period (2010-2070) in Brittany, western France. The three systems, two of which were co-designed, were based on annual crops, and their crop diversity differed in the length and crop species of the crop rotations, as well as in the number and types of intercrops. These systems were simulated for three sites (soil type × climate conditions) and two contrasting climate-change scenarios (RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5). Predictions indicated that higher crop diversity resulted in less long-term soil C loss and greater soil water availability for crops. However, N leaching was higher in the two most diversified cropping systems, partly due to inadequate fertilizer management in these complex systems. Predictions also indicated that higher crop diversity did not necessarily produce more biomass in all soil types and climate conditions, thus highlighting the need to design site-specific systems. The results also highlighted the potential of mechanistic models for exploring long-term trade-offs in agroecosystem functioning. However, it remains essential to address certain model limitations (e.g., lack of certain minor crops, complex intercrops, plant-plant interactions, their legacy effects on soil) to improve assessment of crop diversification strategies using in silico experiments.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Arnaud Delbaere) 15 Jun 2026
https://hal.science/hal-05658127v1
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[hal-05564088] Combining wheat with multi-species prairie strips reduces the development of Septoria tritici blotch
Crop diversification, notably through intercropping, is known for regulating disease development in agroecosystems. However, intercropping usually involves two or three species, limiting its potential to enhance ecosystem multifunctionality. This study investigates the impact of “agroprairies”, a cropping system design consisting of alternating narrow strips of wheat and multispecies prairies (∼12 species), on the development of Zymoseptoria tritici, the causal agent of Septoria tritici blotch (STB), a major foliar disease in wheat. Two complementary field experiments were conducted. The first one monitored the incidence and severity of STB under natural epidemic conditions across combinations of four wheat cultivars and four prairie mixtures with contrasted functional traits. The second experiment used above-canopy inoculation on a subset of treatments to assess disease dynamics under high disease pressure, independent of physical barrier effects. Rhizosphere microbiomes were analyzed before inoculation to evaluate enrichment in taxa associated with plant defense and disease suppression. Under natural conditions, STB incidence and severity were reduced by 52% and 41% in two agroprairie types compared to monocrop. Prairie biomass and specific leaf area (SLA) were identified as key factors associated with this reduction. When the disease was inoculated above the canopy, this reduction effect disappeared, highlighting the dominant role of physical barriers in disease regulation. However, one agroprairie treatment still reduced disease progression by 18%, suggesting the involvement of additional regulatory mechanisms. Microbiome analysis revealed shifts in bacterial beta diversity and an enrichment of potentially beneficial taxa in the wheat rhizosphere, although no direct link with disease regulation was established.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Lisa Besson) 31 Mar 2026
https://isara.hal.science/hal-05564088v1
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[hal-05649699] Sensory and multi-actor Co-ideation: unleashing creativity to meet seniors’ needs
Participatory research and utilizing creative collective methods have emerged as a promising approach to innovative product development. This study investigates how multi-actor co-ideation approaches can enhance creativity during design processes, with a particular focus on generating food concepts tailored to older adults. The lower age limit of 55 was chosen to capture early physiological and lifestyle changes preceding the con- ventional threshold for older adulthood. We conducted 5 workshops using the KCP®(Knowledge-Concept-Proposal) process, starting with an initial concept of "Healthy and sustainable appetizer for 55-75". We constructed a Concept-Knowledge (C-K) control tree and explored idea pathways related to format, sensory aspects, sustainability, and consumption context. To circumvent creativity fixations, a sensorial toolkit was introduced to enrich interaction among participants and stimulate their creativity. We also evaluated the participant composition of the workshops involving only con- sumers or consumers and other actors (chefs, researchers, agronomist students, nutritionists). Measurements of the generated ideas were conducted using quantitative and qualitative analysis, as well as creating C-K trees for each workshop and comparing them to the C-K control tree. Developed concepts were analyzed using a multicriteria decision-making grid. Workshops generated 631 ideas and 31 concepts. The multi-actor groups highlighted various constraints related to seniors whereas the mono-actor workshops highlighted more specifically nutritional constraints. The use of a sensorial toolkit facilitated the generation of sensory-focused concepts. Our findings highlight the importance of participatory approaches with co-ideation workshops including diverse actors and the use of sensorial stimuli to foster creativity to align with the spe- cific needs of seniors.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Audrey Cosson) 09 Jun 2026
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-05649699v1
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[hal-05568308] Challenges of work in agriculture: a gender-informed analysis through the narratives of new entrants into organic farming
This article examines work in agriculture by a gender-informed perspective through the narratives of new entrants in organic farming outside the family farming succession. It aims to understand lived work experiences by considering both the daily constraints of the labour and the meanings and values invested in the work. The analysis focuses on the early years of organic farming operations. The research was carried out in Ardèche territory, a département in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region, in southeastern France. We conducted a qualitative study based on semi-structured interviews with 15 new entrants who have established non-family farms and obtained organic certification. After transcription, the interviews were reviewed by using a triple-blind process. Edited transcripts were then uploaded to MaxQDA™ for inductive coding based on emerging themes and contextual analysis. Through the narratives of farmers regarding the constraints of work, we identified gendered effects in the responses concerning the available tools and equipment for agricultural work, the physical strain, strategies for prevention and self-care, balancing personal vs. professional life, and the social division of labor within couples. Unlike other studies, our analysis revealed no essentialist justifications for women's roles on farming. Moreover, our results show that the challenges of work are different for men and women. Men expressed concerns directly linked to working conditions, while women added work-life balance issues, notably linked to motherhood. A gendered perspective helped us to identify emerging work-related challenges faced by new entrants in organic farming, aiming to promote attractiveness and sustainable and inclusive working conditions for all.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Adelaide Nascimento) 09 Apr 2026
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-05568308v2
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[hal-05613154] On-farm systemic innovations to overcome dead-end situations and support glyphosate-free agriculture in France
The ban on glyphosate use in France has long been a controversial issue between agricultural stakeholders and public health authorities. Some politicians and scholars have characterized sloping vineyards and low-till crops as dead-end situations: i.e., highly dependent on glyphosate due to the lack of viable alternatives, both from technical and socioeconomic perspectives (mechanization costs, labor constraints). Most agronomic research has focused on developing technical alternatives to glyphosate. We propose shifting from the dominant R&D-centered approach to studying farm-led innovations to investigate ways to overcome these dead-end situations. Using the innovation-tracking approach, we analyzed 16 French case studies. Through semi-structured interviews, we collected data on farmers' practices and their logic (i.e., the meaning farmers give to their practices within their situations). The results demonstrate six archetypes of glyphosate-free management logics for weeds and cover crops. Winegrower practices include adjusting the frequency and type of mechanical weeding, using equipment adapted to slope conditions (steep slopes, terraces). This equipment can be combined to manage both inter-row cover crops and under-vine weeds. Practices of low-till crop farmers involve integrating preventive and curative weed management strategies with various cover crop termination techniques (livestock grazing, mechanical methods), often linked to the level of farm diversification. We showed for the first time how winegrowers and low-till crop farmers combine the implementation of practices with innovative equipment use and participation in collective action to phase out glyphosate. These systemic innovations allowed farmers to overcome the increase of mechanization costs and workload through the sharing and development of equipment and work organization, ensuring timely weeding during vulnerable stages of the weed life cycle. Therefore, stopping glyphosate use requires a profound re-design of weed and cover crop management throughout the crop cycle. Finally, we argue that studying local innovations challenges how R&D stakeholders characterize dead-end situations regarding alternatives to pesticides.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Priscila Duarte Malanski) 05 May 2026
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-05613154v1
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[hal-05709975] Progressing toward agroecology in vineyards through systemic innovation
Viticulture is facing major challenges, and agroecology is recognized as an innovative approach to enhance food system sustainability. However, knowledge is lacking about how winegrowers design innovations to support agroecology, which limits the ability of farmers and advisers to effectively steer and assess progress toward agroecology. This study aims to develop a tool to assess the agroecology level of vineyards, and to investigate the link between progress in the agroecological transition and the systemic and farm-scale reasoning of innovations. To this end, we interviewed 24 winegrowers, developed a table to characterize the agroecology level of the farms and identified the farmers’ agronomic rationales. Agroecology levels varied widely among the surveyed farms. The agroecology elements of synergy, efficiency, and a circular and solidarity-based economy explained most of the differences between farms at the extreme ends of the score ranges. We used semi-quantitative and qualitative indicators to highlight systemic reasoning in highly agroecological farms. The winegrowers from the most agroecological farms changed their practices more frequently, mainly by implementing practices that rely on system reorganization and redesign and by addressing a wider variety of results when changing their practices. The analysis of these farms revealed several success factors, including the adjustment of other practices after a change, careful observation of the agroecosystem, and a paradigm shift involving long-term reflection on practice effects. Moreover, successful farms are smaller, and have often reduced land areas to gain increased flexibility in production factors. They seek autonomy regarding inputs and promote synergies with respect to the farm’s different business activities. This work provides valuable support to winegrowers and advisers by offering them a simple tool to track the progress of vineyards when transitioning to a more agroecological system. This study also identifies key traits of agroecological farms that can inspire and be adopted on other farms.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Elsa Robelot) 03 Aug 2026
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-05709975v1
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[hal-05593316] Appréhender la territorialisation d’un système soutenable de travail. Réflexions à partir de l’exemple des systèmes alimentaires territorialisés
Analyser le travail réalisé par les acteurs qui œuvrent aux transitions des systèmes alimentaires dans une situation d’action publique territorialisée au sein d’un projet alimentaire territorial en vue de développer leur soutenabilité a présenté pour nous quatre défis conceptuels. Pour relever ces défis, nous proposons de mobiliser des notions issues de trois champs de recherche complémentaires (la sociologie rurale, la sociologie politique et les transition studies) pour développer un cadre d’analyse spécifique, afin d’appréhender ce qui est mis en travail dans les processus de territorialisation et de transition vers la soutenabilité des systèmes alimentaires, qui le réalise et les coordinations que cela nécessite. Nous présentons notre cheminement conceptuel pour établir sur quoi il nous semble judicieux de faire porter l’analyse : le couplage du système de travail avec son environnement. Puis nous illustrons la façon dont nous avons mené l’analyse et les résultats qui en ressortent à l’échelle d’un projet de recherche. Nous en tirons dans une dernière section quelques enseignements pour pointer des enjeux – théorique, méthodologique et pragmatique – qui restent à traiter selon nous pour analyser et accompagner, en tant qu’ergonome, des transformations systémiques en vue de contribuer au développement de systèmes soutenables de travail.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Vincent Boccara) 16 Apr 2026
https://hal.science/hal-05593316v1
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[hal-05485752] Beyond pesticide reduction: Exploring synergies between contrasted territorial scenarios
Pesticide use creates significant environmental, health and socioeconomic challenges and its reduction is hindered by sociotechnical lock-ins. The territorial level, combined with systemic approaches, is promising to overcome these systemic challenges. This research proposes an original methodological approach which, instead of aiming at creating consensus, explores contrasted pesticide reduction scenarios with local stakeholders based on existing initiatives in order to identify pathways for collective action. The study was conducted in the Western Plain of Montpellier, in Southern France, and involved a diversity of stakeholders from the territory and outside of the territory in 5 steps, using the Co-Click’Eau tool and workshops. The scenarios explored the potential of diversification for food production, biodiversity conservation and crop-livestock integration to meet pesticide reduction challenges. In addition to an important pesticide use reduction, each scenario proposed significant land-use and farming practices transformations. The analysis revealed that the approach was able to create spaces for dialogue through the formulation of synergies between these strategies by participants, especially on land-use management, technical levers, linking production to consumers and highlighted complementary contributions of biodiversity and livestock to the territory. Beyond its agronomic dimensions, the process opens the pathway to better coordination with the identification of synergies and tensions between different visions, helping to identify coherent strategies including agricultural production, biodiversity, and food objectives. By doing so, our approach contributes to embedding pesticide reduction into a broader, systemic reconfiguration of agroecosystems and territorial governance.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Myrto Parmantier) 04 Jun 2026
https://hal.science/hal-05485752v2
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[hal-05039353] Growing intermediate wheatgrass as a perennial grain crop in the United States: exploring the multifunctionality of agriculture within socio-technical constraints
Over the past decade, interest, stakeholder engagement, and investment in the cultivation of intermediate wheatgrass (IWG) as a perennial grain crop have increased across the Upper Midwest, USA. IWG has been promoted as a multipurpose crop that provides both agricultural products and ecosystem services. Our objective in this study was to describe the current IWG landscape in the Midwest from the perspective of farmers growing the crop, including their objectives, management practices, and the challenges they face. We also examined the concept of multifunctionality within the context of integrating a minor crop into existing farming systems. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with IWG growers in the Upper Midwest. Results show that, beyond direct agronomic benefits, these growers were motivated by a broader vision of agriculture. Due to its distinctive traits, IWG served as a tool to accomplish various non-commercial dimensions of farming such as environmental conservation, education, and community building, and for fulfilling farmers’ roles as producers, environmental stewards, and citizens. At the same time, the regional socio-technical context imposed strong constraints on IWG production, particularly in terms of profitability and processing. Cropping practices reflected both the influence of uniform technical recommendations and the need for adaptation to individual farm systems and farmer expertise. Overall, this study provides insight into farmers’ perspectives, motivations, and concerns regarding IWG cultivation in the United States.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Christelle Ginot) 30 Mar 2026
https://hal.science/hal-05039353v2
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[hal-05567921] Using on-farm experimentation to co-design agroecological farming: a common principle with a variety of applications and researcher stances
In the field of agroecology, on-farm experimentation often involves 'co-design' activities. This participatory openness exacerbates the challenges associated with the researcher's stance and the use and goals of experimental approaches. To shed light on this situation and improve upon it, we conducted a reflective and comparative analysis of five agroecological projects involving co-design that were carried out by the co-authors. The aim was to identify and discuss how the use of co-design expanded and diversified the role of on-farm experimentation in scientific research. Three main themes arose from the analysis; each encompassed findings, lessons learned, and considerations to clarify the framework of collaborative on-farm experimentation. The first theme was related to the adaptable, contingent, and transdisciplinary nature of the examined projects. The projects followed a step-by-step design framework. The different phases of each project were completed using various methods and participation modalities, either sequentially or jointly. Farm fields and ponds were important places for social interactions and observations that fueled the ongoing processes of diagnosis, technique adaptation, and evaluation, and the development of shared assumptions and statements among academics and nonacademics. The second theme addressed the different experimental approaches used and their relationships to scientific demonstration, depending on the objective of diagnosis and evaluation. We identified and conceptualized three approaches that were taken in the analyzed projects: practice-centered, ecosystem services-centered, and product-centered approaches. The third theme emphasized elements related to the transformative capacity of co-design activities with on-farm experimentation. It emphasized the influence of technical feasibility, expected gain, perceived risk, and the degree of systemic innovation required. Transformative capacity was associated with the conditions and development of the learning process, rather than the success of the innovative practices. This implies changes in farming practices that extend well beyond the project's duration and are inadequately documented.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Olivier Duchene) 26 Mar 2026
https://hal.science/hal-05567921v1
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[hal-05488887] Revealing the diversity of collective experimentation in agriculture: Constructing idealtypes from French case studies
Context: The agroecological transition underscores the need to rethink knowledge production in agriculture, especially in relation to experimentation. This includes involving a wider range of stakeholders and exploring diverse and complementary forms of experimentation. Objective: This article aims to shed light on the diversity of existing collective experimentations, in order to document the ongoing renewal of experimental approaches and to propose benchmarks for understanding and supporting them. Methods: We conducted 34 semi-structured interviews and 10 observant participations, leading to the identification of 28 case studies that we define as collective experimentations. We define collective experimentation as the process of implementing and monitoring an intervention with uncertain outcomes, which leads to the production of knowledge. We did a comprehensive analysis of these collective experimentations, to understand how and why they are conducted. To do so, our analysis considered both the physical design of the experimental setups and the questions addressed, as well as the collective organization of the actors involved. Results and Conclusions: We propose six idealtypes of collective experimentations: Idealtype A: Replicating experimental situations to generate standardized data, Idealtype B: Integrating data from diverse experimental practices in a joint analysis, Idealtype C: Distributing questions to generate knowledge on a common topic, Idealtype D: Pooling a diversity of experiences to explore a common subject, Idealtype E: Distributing activities within a single experimental situation and Idealtype F: Gathering human and material resources on a single site to experiment jointly on several experimental situations. Significance: These idealtypes shed light on the diversity of collective experimentation approaches in agriculture, which are often under described in the literature. By offering a set of structured reference points, it can support researchers, facilitators, and practitioners in recognizing, designing and valuing collective experimentations adapted to their contexts. It opens new perspectives for rethinking how experimental knowledge is produced, shared, and valued to support agroecological transitions.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Maïté de Sainte Agathe) 25 Feb 2026
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-05488887v1
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[hal-05553946] Stimulating students’ learning about circularity challenges in agriculture with the CircAgri educational serious game
In Western Europe, circular agriculture has been recommended as a production model to address the multiple environmental problems caused by input-intensive agriculture. Accordingly, the topic of circularity in agriculture and food systems is growing in university programs across Europe. Immersive educational activities are needed to promote experiential learning and development of the soft skills required to learn about the complex issues related to transitioning to more circular systems. Here, we present the approach we used to develop and apply CircAgri, an educational serious game that aims at engaging students in how to implement circularity in an agricultural region. This role-playing game consists of iteratively adjusting individual activities, in particular those related to production, the resulting biomass flows, and collective organization, especially the circulation of biomass flows in the region. Players monitor the effects of their decisions on circularity at individual and regional levels. We tested CircAgri with 136 Master's students and 38 researchers and describe the results of 20 game plays (with 104 Master's students and 1 researcher). We show how the players adapted their strategies over successive game rounds to decrease the types and amounts of biomass imported into and exported from the region, and then reflected on circularity issues. CircAgri is an original serious game that teaches circularity in agriculture through an immersive experience. It stimulates learning about circularity through trial and error and reflection on effects on and potential trade-offs of individual and collective biomass management strategies. It also allows developing some of the soft skills required to implement circularity (e.g. negotiation, active listening). CircAgri is freely available in a print-and-play version and can be combined with other teaching methods to develop students' knowledge and competencies on circularity in university programs on agriculture and the environment. The approach followed in developing CircAgri is replicable on any other challenge involving multiple stakeholders to design serious games aiming at actively engaging students in working with and reflecting on sustainability. The game design process can also be used to reflect on key mechanisms and skills required to move towards more sustainable and circular agricultural systems.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Myriam Grillot) 16 Mar 2026
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-05553946v1
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[hal-05554350] Pragmatic principles for supporting the agroecological transition in the field: a review
The agroecological transition of agriculture is slow despite the wealth of knowledge produced to support it. Given the complexity and uncertainty of changing situations, the deterministic approach aimed at defining ideal transition pathways to speed up the transition seems fruitless to us. Our view is that paths are made by walking, tracing a singular route that depends on the surprises that arise. However, actors are currently not equipped to march into the unknown, a march toward greater sustainability. The challenge is to equip actors to implement agroecological principles in local, changing, complex, and uncertain situations. To this end, we propose 10 principles drawn from an argued review of pragmatic philosophy and formulated on the basis of 16 years' experience in participatory research with French farmers in agroecological transition in the Roquefort area. Pragmatic philosophy is a theory of action rooted in a democratic ideal. It offers a universal, normative and coherent framework for conducting individual, and collective inquiries to establish what is possible, what works, and what is desirable in a situation of change. The 10 pragmatic principles we propose will enable farmers, intermediaries and consumers to create sustainable production and consumption practices. They will also be useful for those who accompany them in the transition, such as advisors, researchers, sales representatives, and employees of local authorities. Pragmatism represents a paradigm shift away from the project logic and planning that currently dominate change management. Such a shift must be accompanied by in-depth education to develop the collective skills needed to envision that another world is possible, to manage complexity and uncertainty, by being able to deliberate democratically and cooperate in action.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Laurent Hazard) 16 Mar 2026
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-05554350v1
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[hal-05507405] Stakeholders’ perceptions of climate change point to future challenges for the adaptation of grain legumes
Abstract The diversification of cropping systems using grain legumes has been identified as a crucial lever in the transition towards more sustainable agriculture in Europe. However, climate change will likely impact the yields and services provided by these crops. Increasing the production area of grain legumes will therefore require the design of effective adaptation strategies. Of all the factors constraining grain legume development in Europe, the impact of climate change is one that has received little attention from researchers to date. This study contributes to filling this gap by evaluating stakeholders’ perceptions of climate change and adaptation options, as well as the barriers hindering adaptation. We conducted 33 interviews with stakeholders involved at various stages of the value chains for five major grain legume species in France. Interviewees’ perceptions depended on their location and the grain legume species considered. Although most interviewees perceived climate change as a constraint for grain legumes, they identified opportunities for specific crops and regions. The interviewees had either observed, imagined, or experimented with a diverse range of adaptation options. Despite this diversity, the interviewees reported barriers of various natures that need to be removed to support adaptation. This diagnosis points to three major challenges for the adaptation of grain legumes: (i) addressing the antagonistic symptoms of climate change, including the perceived increase in climate variability, and the lack of methods for anticipating long-term climatic changes; (ii) dealing simultaneously with adapting to climate change and unlocking socio-technical systems regarding grain legumes; and (iii) filling knowledge gaps on grain legume response to climate change. To our knowledge, this is the first study to assess stakeholders’ perceptions of climate change and identify opportunities and challenges for the adaptation of grain legumes in Europe.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Marie Marteau-Bazouni) 12 Feb 2026
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-05507405v1
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[hal-05693554] Better safe than sorry? European farmers’ perceptions on agroecological practices: a theory of planned behaviour case study
Adoption rates of agroecological farming practices remain low amongst European farmers and vary from country to country, despite European or national policies aimed at achieving ‘sustainable agriculture’. Our study, based on the Theory of Planned Behaviour and conducted in eight European countries in 2023 with 268 farmers surveyed, examines behavioural drivers of adoption of agroecological practices in terms of attitudes, perceived behavioural control, social norms, perceived risk, and the role of formal and informal information sources. The main findings reveal three key points: 1) Farmers were more likely to adopt agroecological practices if they had a positive attitude towards them and felt confident in their ability to implement them whilst social pressure had only a limited impact on adoption. 2) Perceived risks associated with agroecological practices significantly reduced farmers’ willingness to adopt. 3) Formal sources of information had a significant positive effect on the perceived risks, whereas informal information sources did not. However, the latter had a significant positive effect on social pressures, suggesting that they influence farmers’ perceptions of what is socially expected by their communities. These findings imply that to accelerate the adoption of agroecological practices, policy and advisory services should focus on mitigating farmers’ risk perceptions through formal, evidence-based information, thereby fostering positive attitudes and a stronger sense of control.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Antonio Paparella) 03 Sep 2026
https://hal.science/hal-05693554v1
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[hal-05485748] Potential of local collective action to reduce pesticide use in a French Mediterranean landscape
Pesticide use in agriculture has significant negative impacts on human health, ecosystems, and natural resources. The failure to meet targets for pesticide reduction at the farm level underscores the need for a systemic, holistic approach that considers the diversity of actors and the complexity of the farming systems involved. The landscape level provides a relevant framework for addressing the reduction of pesticide use and impacts. In this study, we analyzed 19 initiatives aimed to reduce pesticide use or its impacts in agriculture in a Mediterranean peri-urban plain in southern France. Drawing on insights from landscape agronomy and research on collective action, we developed a novel conceptual framework to capture and analyze the diversity and complementarity of local dynamics of pesticide reduction. Through interviews, workshops, and farm surveys, we examined the factors driving the emergence of these initiatives and assessed their anticipated impacts on farming practices, landscape patterns, and natural resources at the landscape level. The results revealed that these initiatives were led by diverse, and sometimes conflicting, strategies to reduce pesticide use that focused mainly on optimizing pesticide use in dominant agricultural systems, alongside farm reconfiguration and biodiversity integration strategies. This study advances current knowledge by providing actionable insights to improve collective action at the landscape level, such as spaces for synergies for landscape-level coordination and identified barriers to this coordination. Our findings emphasize the importance of embracing complexity when designing and implementing pesticide-reduction strategies.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Myrto Parmantier) 25 Feb 2026
https://hal.science/hal-05485748v1
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[hal-05477011] Concilier fertilité, autonomie et travail en maraîchage biologique : expérimentation de systèmes de cultures innovants -projet PERSYST
Nous avons évalué pendant 4 ans des systèmes de culture innovants en maraîchage biologique dans l'Ouest de la France combinant différentes modalités de réduction de travail du sol et d'apports de matières végétales exogènes en complément de couverts végétaux. Nos résultats suggèrent que des apports végétaux exogènes peuvent se substituer aux engrais organiques du commerce ou aux fertilisants d'origine animale pour maintenir ou améliorer la fertilité des sols et assurer des rendements identiques mais peuvent impacter négativement les conditions de travail, en particulier sans équipement adapté. Le travail du sol limité (sans labour) n'a pas d'impact significatif sur la fertilité, le rendement ou le travail. Le travail du sol très limité a des impacts contrastés en fonction des contextes et des conditions initiales.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Kevin Morel) 26 Jan 2026
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-05477011v1
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[hal-05331924] Ecologization and transformation of work at the meso and micro levels of transition: findings from two territorial food projects in France
This article analyses the links between the ecologization of food systems and transformations of work in two Territorial Food Projects in France. Three case studies are explored, based on a reflective analysis conducted by the researchers: the governance of a Territorial Food Project; the management of a sustainable food offer in mass catering; and the project to replace plastic containers in a central kitchen. For each case, an ergonomics-based iterative methodology was used, drawing on observations, semi-structured interviews, working groups, and reflective workshops. The results reveal how workers act as essential mediators between the macro level (the Territorial Food Project and related laws), the meso level (collective action in local projects) and the micro level (the activity of actors in the food system).
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Adelaide Nascimento) 25 Nov 2025
https://hal.science/hal-05331924v1
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[hal-05288168] Strategies to advance the agroecological transition: Insights from a case study of sheep–crop integration in southwestern France
Context: Mediterranean areas face multiple challenges, including biodiversity loss, soil degradation, and vulnerability to climate change. In southern France's Languedoc region, vineyard monoculture dominates, and livestock systems are rare. Agroecological transitions, especially crop-livestock integration, offer opportunities to diversify systems, recycle nutrients, enhance biodiversity, and reduce fire risks. However, such integration is difficult due to climatic constraints, land accessibility, and the current disconnection between crop and livestock systems. Objective: This study aimed to explore how crop-livestock integration practices in the Minervois territory could be expanded to support agroecological transitions. It focused on identifying synergies that address forage needs for local flocks and create benefits for vineyard and cereal farmers. Methods: As part of a larger participatory and locally grounded approach, we designed agroecological scenarios based on integration of sheep farming system with various crop and semi-natural areas. We assessed the potential to reintroduce livestock in an area where few systems have existed recently. The process identified both the biotechnical and coordination conditions required to sustain livestock with local forage throughout the year and to organize exchanges among stakeholders. Results and conclusions: Except under dry conditions, a flock of 1200 ewes could be sustained year-round through a diversified landscape combining cereal crops, vineyard inter-rows, local rangelands, and transhumance (i.e., moving the flock from one territory to another to graze available forage resources). This diversity enhances agroecological performance through crop-livestock complementarities by exploiting synergies between animal and plant species, over time and space. The method used can be adapted to other territories, and stakeholder involvement is essential for developing understanding and implementing feasible scenarios Significance: The results support future studies aiming to link forage availability with organizational strategies to identify grazing areas and develop concrete implementation plans.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Fabien Stark) 02 Dec 2025
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-05288168v1
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[hal-05643612] Frugal and innovative mangrove rice system intensification using simple aquaculture techniques: Results from on-farm trials in Guinea
This study evaluates the potential of low-input fish farming integration to enhance productivity and livelihoods in the mangrove rice systems of Maritime Guinea. Building on a co-design approach implemented during 2020–2023, agronomists and farmers collaboratively tested a set of five simple aquaculture practices: selecting plots with pH > 5.5, maintaining higher water depth, conducting a single final harvest, stocking tilapia Sarotherodon melanotheron as main raised species and introducing predatory Hemichromis fasciatus. A total of 30 on-farm trials were conducted and compared to 10 baseline plots without intervention. Measurements included fish biomass, tilapia yield, rice production, income, and environmental parameters (pH, salinity, dissolved oxygen). Data were analysed using ANOVA, Pearson correlations, and PCA. Results show a fourfold increase in fish production (from 85,4 to 341,9 kg/ha) without compromising rice yields. This intensification was primarily driven by higher stocking densities and improved environmental conditions, particularly higher pH. Increased fish biomass translated into higher household income, mainly through self-consumption, with total plot income rising from 2.5 to 6,4 €/are. However, trade-offs emerged between total biomass and individual fish size, with implications for market value. The role of predator fish H. fasciatus remained secondary, with limited influence on overall yields. The results show that low-cost zootechnical adjustments, developed in collaboration with farmers, can significantly improve the performance of rice-growing systems in resource-constrained mangrove environments. Beyond incremental gains, these findings point to a form of disruptive innovation, as they redefine the productive logic of traditional, subsistence-oriented rice farming systems by integrating aquaculture without requiring capital-intensive inputs. By leveraging locally available resources, ecological processes, and farmers' knowledge, this approach challenges dominant intensification models and opens new avenues for value creation in marginal environments. However, the transferability and long-term sustainability of such a disruptive trajectory remain contingent on market access and the ability to sustain adaptive and participatory innovation processes over time.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Lucas Fertin) 04 Jun 2026
https://hal.science/hal-05643612v1
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[hal-05647860] Designing perennial crop-based agroforestry systems: Specificities, challenges, and opportunities
Diversification of farming systems at plot scale is increasingly seen as an essential option to meet agriculture sustainability challenges and support agroecological transition. Significant progress has been made in recent years on methods for designing diversified cropping systems based on annual crops. However, few methods have been tested for designing diversified cropping systems based on perennial crops, and in particular perennial crop-based agroforestry systems, despite their important dietary and economic roles in the world. In this study, we argue that the characteristics of perennial crops induce specific structural and functional changes that impact the design process. We identified four key concepts for the design of diversified perennial crop-based agroforestry systems: (i) the targeted productivity must be considered over the long term and at the plot level, and encompass not only the productive and non-productive stages of perennial crops but also of associated plants; (ii) these systems will eventually face shocks and crisis in their lifetime, so they should be designed with resilience and adaptability in mind; (iii) initial designs will necessarily evolve throughout the long lifespan of perennial crops, and so a combination of de novo design from scratch and step-by-step design approaches for regeneration or transformation will be required; and (iv) due to the high complexity of these systems and the difficulty of setting up trials, the design process should draw from a range of knowledges from academics and practitioners and hybrid them. These four key features show that perennial crops offer distinct opportunities for the design of sustainable diversified cropping systems, but also face specific challenges that require more transdisciplinary research.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Anne Mérot) 08 Jun 2026
https://hal.science/hal-05647860v1
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[hal-05502364] Quel numérique pour l'agroécologie ? Enseignements de la co-conception de la Pépinière-Mesclun, une application en ligne pour les maraîchers
A travers l'analyse d'un cas d'étude de co-conception d'une application en ligne pour les maraîchers (La Pépinière-Mesclun) notre objectif était d'explorer les caractéristiques d'un outil numérique pouvant répondre aux besoins et aux attentes d'usagers engagés dans des démarches d'agroécologie. Nous avons identifié 73 décisions de design prises au cours du processus qui se rattachent à 13 principes de design et 4 valeurs de design. En termes de valeurs, notre outil devait (i) respecter la diversité et la complexité des systèmes agricoles, (ii) être accessible à une diversité des profils d'usagers, (iii) valoriser l'expertise humaine et soutenir l'autonomie de décision, (iv) être géré comme un « commun numérique ».
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Kevin Morel) 10 Feb 2026
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-05502364v1
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[hal-05649727] Ovi’Plaine, un jeu sérieux pour développer les interactions cultures élevage à l’échelle du territoire
While the integration of crops and livestock is beneficial from many points of view, mixed crop-livestock farms are declining in France. The integration at the territory level is possible and seems promising for overcoming the obstacles at the farm level. However, the need to coordinate actors makes it difficult to set up partnerships. This strong need for coordination requires specific tools, particularly for collectives, advisors, and facilitators working in the territories. We have thus created a co-design approach for pastoral itineraries for sheep flocks in specialized contexts (cereals, vineyards, orchards…), which includes a serious game. This serious game, called Ovi'Plaine, takes into account the needs of farmers by co-designing a pastoral itinerary that meets the needs of the sheep flock, and integrates its benefits into the crop itineraries. The serious game was used in different regions and helped to promote mutual understanding between farmers, share diverse knowledge and test pastoral routes for their flocks.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Solène Pissonnier) 09 Jun 2026
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-05649727v1
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[hal-05441909] Open on-Station System Experiments (OSEs) as innovation intermediaries to foster agroecological transitions: case studies from France
The development of agroecology requires an ambitious, multi-level transformation of knowledge and innovation systems. The literature shows that intermediary actors and organizations play an important role in this transformation. In our article, we introduce the idea that agricultural research experiment stations can be considered as innovation intermediaries to foster agroecological transitions. Previous studies have shown how agricultural experiments are transformed by their inclusion in a multi-actor process, but they do not adequately explain how they contribute to the transition of agri-food systems. Our analysis focuses on nine case studies of on-station system experiments by France’s National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment. These on-station system experiments have the specificity to be managed by researchers interacting with non-academic stakeholders from their local areas. We have called these Open on-Station System Experiments. We documented them over five years, during which we collected information and data through observation, participation, eliciting activity, and cross-case analysis. We show how OSEs fulfil five knowledge and innovation intermediation functions that contribute, in practice, to the transition of agri-food systems: problem solving; production of transition visions through the design and experimentation of breakthrough agroecological innovations; production of operational and scientific knowledge responding to different users’ requirements; by generating operational and scientific knowledge based on Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, Reusable data; participation in networking between stakeholders and interactional learning about transition using experiments as boundary objects. Based on these findings, we show for the first time the conditions under which agricultural research experiment stations can fulfill the functions of innovation intermediaries and thus contribute to fostering agroecological transitions.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Aurélie Cardona) 05 Jan 2026
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-05441909v1
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[hal-05398223] Comparison of two contrasted approaches of participatory design: lessons from designing tools for the sustainability assessment of urban agriculture projects
How to involve end-users in the design of tools has been a major issue in design sciences for decades. This article explores the case of sustainability assessment tool design in the intra-urban agricultural sector. Today, professional intra-urban agriculture (PIUA) projects are developing exponentially in Northern countries, taking a variety of forms such as greenhouses on rooftops, indoor mushroom farms, or educational farms inside schools. PIUA stakeholders need to assess their sustainability, but this innovative form of agriculture requires specific tools. This article is dedicated to the participatory design of sustainability assessment tools adapted to PIUA. Users’ participation can take different forms; for this reason, we compare two participatory design approaches to explore whether and how they take account of users’ realities. To do so, we built a specific analytical framework based on the comparison of the design processes, the concepts and knowledge generated, and the tools designed. In the first approach, French PIUA stakeholders are involved through interviews and surveys to validate the content of the tool. In the second approach, French PIUA stakeholders, including some of the participants in the first approach, are involved through a diagnosis of uses and innovative design workshops. Our results highlight that the diagnosis of uses, which gives access to users’ practices, is a key element to lead to innovative results. Tool designers should choose a design approach depending on the type of system being studied, the resources available, and the objectives set beforehand.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Paola Clerino) 31 Mar 2026
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-05398223v1
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[hal-05418997] Results‐based approach for biodiversity management at the farm scale: proposal for a new method
Several initiatives have been launched over the past 20 years throughout Europe to explore practical ways to enhance biodiversity on farms; however, their effectiveness in preserving wildlife has been questioned, as they are mainly means‐based approaches. Agri‐environmental schemes, the instrument of choice of the Common Agricultural Policy to promote biodiversity with action‐oriented payments, have also partially failed to achieve their desired results. As researchers are called upon to invest in the support, implementation, and acceleration of farms' transitions towards more biodiversity‐sustainable systems, and in view of the limitations of these initiatives and other public policy instruments, we propose in this article to operationalize the concept of adaptive management. We tested a results‐based approach to biodiversity management on a research farm located on the French Atlantic coast. Using a scientific approach, we describe the project design, including identification of several target species with their quantified objectives, development of dashboards, and design of a roadmap. We then discuss the major challenges encountered in implementing this approach to biodiversity goals, and how this type of results‐based approach on private farms can be tested.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Daphné Durant) 16 Dec 2025
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-05418997v1
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[hal-05262297] Achieving inclusive digital development : A frugal strategy based on lessons from three West African smallholder agriculture value chains
This article has two objectives. One is to examine mechanisms of inclusion and exclusion that arise despite the widespread diffusion of digital devices and supporting infrastructure. The second is to propose expanding the perspective on digital inclusion to consider users of digital technologies within their environment. Recognizing that innovation diffusion processes can exacerbate existing inequalities and/or create new ones, this study aims to assist researchers and practitioners in preventing potential negative impacts of digitalization. Using digital divides and digital inclusion frameworks, we examine three value chains in three West African countries using mixed methods. The findings reveal that communication networks and phones are increasingly available, yet traditional digital divides persist in all three value chains. Although the value chains share similarities in their challenges and opportunities, the needs of the actors involved vary. The discussion underscores two key points: first, the efficacy of digital solutions hinges upon their alignment with collective habits and capacities; and second, solutions should prioritize frugality, particularly when designing digital technologies for producers who have limited yet valuable digital skills. These insights highlight the importance of tailoring digital interventions to local contexts and use habits.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Nicolas Paget) 16 Sep 2025
https://hal.science/hal-05262297v1
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[hal-05392048] Unravelling coupled innovation processes between public collective catering and agricultural sectors to support agroecological transition: lessons from an organic potato supply chain
To address the environmental and public health challenges faced by agrifood systems, multi-sector innovations are crucial. Coupled innovations, coordinating design across agricultural and food sectors, foster agroecological transitions but are rare due to complexity. This study examines coupled design processes within a French value chain that supply organic potatoes to children’s catering. Nine innovations were identified through semi-structured interviews with farmers, potato processors, logistics providers, and caterers. Key enablers were diverse exchange arenas, aligned targets, and long-term collaborative learning. These findings reveal mechanisms for coordinated innovation, providing actionable insights for stakeholders aiming to support sustainable agrifood transitions.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Juliette Migairou-Leprince) 07 Jul 2026
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-05392048v1
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[hal-05313394] Reintegrating livestock in a specialized vineyard region: unravelling actor perceptions in southern France
Reconnecting neighboring specialized crop farms and livestock farms through exchanges of grain, fodder, crop by-products, and manure or grazing animals could be a solution to address limiting factors such as labor organization at the farm level. Despite such potential interests, this kind of collective organization rarely occurs and few initiatives are documented. We here documented existing crop-livestock collaborations and examined perceptions of local actors (including farmers) on their advantages and disadvantages, and potential for mainstreaming. To this end, we focused on a case study in southern France in which livestock were reintegrated in a specialized vineyard region and that involved multiple actors beyond farmers (e.g., farm advisers, municipal and cooperative representatives) and types of land use, such as arable land, vineyards, and scrubland. We conducted and analyzed 27 semi-directed interviews to understand the perceptions of the multiple actors involved. We highlighted the diversity of local partnerships between crop farmers, vine growers, and livestock farmers, including shepherds. Our research documents for the first time the complexity of these organizational systems for reintegrating livestock in a vineyard region, beyond only farmers. Existing coordination systems between crop farmers, vine growers, and shepherds or other livestock farmers provide several advantages for soil quality and management of weeds, interrows, or cover crops. Farmers, advisers, and regional agency representatives have a relatively positive perception of such collaborations and the role of livestock; however, most local cooperative representatives do not consider them relevant and do not encourage them. We highlighted a lack of coordination between farmers and of financial support for shepherds. Strengthening ties with policymakers and researchers could support these agroecological initiatives. Training and funding landscape facilitators and creating targeted policies would allow cross-sectorial options, enhancing rural development while managing the risk of wildfires.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Julie Ryschawy) 14 Oct 2025
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-05313394v1
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[hal-05233280] Adaptive practices of researchers involved in low-tech co-innovation processes: Feedbacks from a multi-site experience with ICTs for irrigation systems
Information and Communication<p>Technologies (ICTs) remain poorly used in irrigation systems, particularly at the farm scale and in smallholder farms. ICTs innovations still need to be adapted to each local context to be more accessible to farmers. Coinnovation through a "low-tech" approach can increase the fit of technologies to end users' needs and help farmers to make, maintain and reproduce technological objects. Nevertheless, for researchers, being involved in such co-innovation approaches can be challenging as they have to continually adapt technological interventions to the social and environmental conditions. With the aim of supporting researchers' adaptive practices, this paper proposes an original approach to bring a reflexive stance about how co-innovation unfolds within and across case studies. A methodology to assess the interplay between local contexts, technologies, and facilitation processes from a researcher' perspective was implemented on a multi-country action-research project. Several on-farm experimentations, under a given overarching "low-tech" approach, were documented through qualitative interviews with the researchers involved in their implementation. As in any co-innovation processes, the development of ICTs makerspaces in agricultural settings proposes an alternative way to put ICTs back in the service of farmers. While the process of adapting technology to micro-desires and microenvironments can help restore economic and social accessibility, it also involves a great deal of information and facilitation work. Hence, lowtech approaches are promising solutions to address irrigation efficiency challenges, but their implementation in real world contexts forces researchers to adjust, relocate efforts, develop new facilitating skills, which in turn produces shifts in their position. This research finally raises questions about how to drive change in complex contexts while respecting strictly limited timelines, and opens up perspectives for clustering initiatives and capitalize on researchers' feedbacks.</p>
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Kevin Daudin) 01 Sep 2025
https://hal.science/hal-05233280v1
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[hal-05285858] Feral pig re-domestication in Martinique: a case study using participatory approach based on a serious game to co-design agroecological breeding systems
In 2024, research was solicited by the Regional Natural Park of Martinique (RNPM) to help redefine a shared vision for the re-domestication of feral pigs in Martinique and co-develop production strategies. Since 2016, the RNPM has led a niche market program involving the capture, genotyping, and re-domestication of feral pigs in agroecological systems. Governance changes disrupted stakeholder engagement, pausing the breeding plan. This study aimed to co-design with stakeholder’s innovative re-domestication systems of feral pig based on agroecological principles. A workshop was conducted using the Knowledge, Concepts and Proposals (KCP) method included three phases: (i) knowledge sharing, (ii) concept exploration and (iii) action plan development. A serious card game, based on Forage Rummy® and adapted for creole pig breeding in Martinique enabled the participants to co-design three action plans balancing conservation and development of the pig population. A roundtable with the main stakeholders illustrated the strengths and weaknesses of the feral pig re-domestication project. Co-designed action plans promote outdoor pig farming system with a diet based on local resources (banana, sugar cane, forage) to supply high-quality products (smoked ham, dry ham) highlighted by labels within a short supply chain (sold at farms, butcher). Stakeholders proposed creating a selection organization independent of commercial structures, to promote genetic diversity, control reproduction and distribute breeding stock to breeders. This study highlights the effectiveness of an original participatory approach that actively engages project leaders and stakeholders in co-developing sustainable breeding strategies. These collaboratively designed scenarios will strengthen the RNPM’s breeding program development.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Nicolas Degras) 26 Sep 2025
https://hal.science/hal-05285858v1
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[hal-05308573] Agroecological engagement among beginning livestock farmers’ farms in France: a marginal but emerging trend
Introduction: Livestock production is undergoing major transformation as it confronts environmental, economic, and social challenges. This study uses statistical analysis of the 2020 French agricultural census to examine the extent to which beginning livestock farmers' farms contribute to the agroecological transition of livestock farming systems. Methods: Utilizing data from the 2020 French Agricultural Census and the Mutualité Sociale Agricole database, we identified farms where at least one farmer obtaine official status as a farm manager between 2010 and 2020 (beginning farmers' farms [BFF]) and compared them with earlier farmers' farms (EFF). We characterized these farms based on structural, functional, and sociodemographic variables, emphasizing indicators of agroecological functioning. Through multiple factor analysis and hierarchical clustering, we developed a BFF typology across production orientations. Results: Results indicated three to six clusters per production orientation, grouped into four transversal farm types: type A, large-scale farms with limited participation in quality schemes; type B, medium-scale farms with high participation in quality or origin certifications and strong reliance on permanent grassland; type C, small-scale farms with organic certification and short supply chains; and type D, crop-based farms with secondary livestock activities. BFF exhibited greater diversity and more significant engagement in agroecological practices than EFF, particularly through type C farms, which emphasize organic production and short-value chains. BFF comprised a slightly larger share of type C farms than EFF, suggesting a modest shift toward agroecology. However, the majority of beginning livestock farmers still start their careers on type A farms (except for goat farming), which are larger and less engaged in quality schemes, suggesting that the overall transition to agroecological systems is still in its early stages. Type B and C farms represent relatively larger clusters among beginning farmers' farms than among others, suggesting a possible shift toward more agroecological farming. Discussion: These findings underscore both the persistence of structural trends in agricultural transformation and the challenges beginning farmers face in adopting agroecological practices. Facilitating access to production resources, promoting good working conditions, and ensuring fair incomes while preserving the environment should be priorities for agricultural extension services and public policies supporting these transitions.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Lisa Vincent) 10 Oct 2025
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-05308573v1
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[hal-05263694] Analysis of situations of use to design tools to help change practices
To help farmers change their practices, a growing number of tools are being offered to them and their advisers. One of the challenges is to design these tools so that they effectively and efficiently support those wishing to transform their practices. To meet this challenge, we use an approach based on an analysis of the activity that the tool to be designed should help to change. This analysis highlights the 'mediations' that the tool can support between an actor and the object of their action. Based on three completed projects (APPI'N, MoCoRiBa, DeciFlorSys), we demonstrate the impact of this approach on the design process, in terms of: (i) the properties of the tool to be designed and the mediations it supports; (ii) the forms of user involvement; and (iii) the design activity itself.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Marianne Cerf) 16 Sep 2025
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-05263694v1
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[hal-05184812] Diversity of production planning adaptations of farmers in vegetable long supply chains
Long supply chains vegetable growers coordinate production planning with middlemen to optimize distribution of their perishable products. Doing so, farmers have to consider both their own and middlemen’s constraints and objectives. As perturbations become more frequent and intense, farmers have to adapt. Diversity of vegetable growers’ adaptations has not been analyzed according to farm and market characteristics and linked with decision-making. We aim to i) identify differences in planning decision-making according to farm and market characteristics, and ii) explain diversity of adaptations by these differences in decision-making. We conducted semi-structured interviews with 18 farmers and six middlemen involved in fresh vegetable long supply chains on the Roussillon plain, France. Interview content was analyzed and compared according to farm and market characteristics. We show that production planning corresponded to six decision variables: scheduling for outlets, species, volume, and harvest period; and real-time management of outlets and harvest. These variables were influenced by nine constraints and objectives associated with farmers (e.g., greenhouse amortization) or middlemen (e.g., competition from other regions). They applied differently according to six characteristics of farms (e.g., greenhouse area) and market (e.g., conventional). Interviewed farmers perceived six perturbations, most often mentioned being organic sector crisis, changes in seasonal patterns, and drought. They faced these perturbations by implementing 11 adaptations (e.g., change planting date). We shed light on the diversity of planning adaptations among farmers and the consistency of those adaptations with farmers’ decision-making. We illustrate the importance of coordinated planning as both a lever and an obstacle for vegetable growers’ adaptation.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Axel Graner) 15 Apr 2026
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-05184812v1
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[hal-05215187] A functional ecology approach to define a conceptual and participatory method for designing species mixtures: a case study on nitrogen cycling and weed control
In agriculture, species mixtures can provide ecosystem services and make agroecosystems more resilient. In particular, weed control and improved nitrogen cycling are much sought-after services provided by species mixtures. However, there is a lack of knowledge about the choice of species to mix to provide these services. Using different sources of knowledge, we therefore investigated the utilization of the Trait-Function-Service (TFS) approach of functional ecology as a way of representing the functioning of species mixtures in order to help in the choice of species. The novelty here is the use of a generalizable framework integrating empirical knowledge and scientific knowledge to establish the link between species traits and the ecosystem services they provide. Consequently, our objective is to (i) create functional trees that reflect how mixtures of species work to control weeds and improve nitrogen cycling; and (ii) identify the rules for assembling the traits that enable these two ecosystem services to be provided, which can be used to design mixtures. To do this, we organized four knowledge exchange workshops, two on weed control and two on improving nitrogen cycling. These workshops involved scientists, advisors, and farmers to mobilize their expertise. Our results show that the improvement of nitrogen cycling depends on the achievement of the meta-functions “favour and diversify the sources of nitrogen”, “reduce nitrogen losses” and “improve nitrogen use efficiency”. The weed control service is composed of the meta-functions “increase the competition towards the weeds” and “avoid weed germination/emergence”. We show that providing an ecosystem service depends on multiple traits and that the same trait can be important for providing different ecosystem services. The empirical knowledge of farmers can differ significantly from that of scientists. Integrating the knowledge of farmers into functional trees highlights that expert knowledge, derived from experience gained in specific contexts, can be decontextualized to produce generic knowledge.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Malick Sidiki Ouattara) 25 Feb 2026
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-05215187v1
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[hal-05225795] Fostering creativity to design biodiversity-based cropping systems that consider the long term: a participatory framework
Biodiversity-based cropping systems can address sustainability challenges currently faced by agriculture and provide long-term benefits such as climatechange mitigation and other ecosystem services. However, short-term socioeconomic and technical challenges encourage adherence to established paradigms halting the implementation of such systems in farms. In response, we developed a new framework that combines a fictional narrative and information about plant functional ecology to facilitate the co-design of biodiversity-based cropping systems. To demonstrate the interest of this framework, a participatory workshop was conducted in which participants selected crop species based on functional traits and collaboratively designed crop rotations. Both quantitative evaluation of co-designed crop rotations by ecological indices and qualitative evaluation by the satisfaction assessment of the framework by participants were performed. Our approach showed that the two co-designed crop rotations had higher biodiversity than the two reference rotations used in the study: the dominant (maize (Zea mays)wheat (Triticum aestivum)catch crop (white mustard (Sinapis alba)) and a highly diversified rotation designed to reduce the use of pesticides (10 taxonomic species). Using a fictional narrative as a trigger event (being stranded on a deserted island) was instrumental in expanding possibilities and stimulating creativity among the participants, which helped them design diverse crop rotations that contained taxonomical and functional diversity. Our framework demonstrated a potential to co-design biodiversity-based cropping systems by abstraction.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Arnaud Delbaere) 27 Aug 2025
https://hal.science/hal-05225795v1
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[hal-05079011] Protecting crops with plant diversity: Agroecological promises, socioeconomic lock-in, and political levers
Plant diversification at field, farm, and landscape scales is a key strategy for protecting crops from pests. But its level of adoption remains confidential, while the overall negative impacts of pesticides are now well established. To understand the obstacles to this adoption, we conducted an extensive review of literature in life and socio-economic sciences. We found that all diversification practices are largely effective in pest control, achieving satisfactory yields and many ecological cobenefits, although context dependent. Plant diversification does not appear solely as an alternative to pesticide-based pest control but as a transformative approach to achieve sustainable agrifood systems. However, its adoption is currently strongly hindered by socioeconomic barriers, including low short-term profitability, rigid agricultural sectors, and limited support from public policies. The most beneficial practices, agroforestry and diversified landscapes, face the greatest obstacles. In contrast, cultivar mixtures, while easier to implement, offer limited cobenefits. Collaboration between scientists, policymakers, and local stakeholders seems essential to scale up plant diversification.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Aude Vialatte) 04 Jun 2025
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-05079011v1
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[hal-05094939] Connecting the drops: A methodological challenge for the deployment of ICTs in mediterranean irrigation systems
The vulnerability of irrigated systems in areas coping with water scarcity has boosted the demand for information and communication technologies (ICTs), e.g. tools and services derived from field sensors or satellite data. ICTs are promising tools to track and quantify water flows and transfers, yet their increased accessibility and production benefits does not often lead to their increased deployment beyond the group involved in the initial design and testing process. To support technological innovation scaling, an interdisciplinary approach and an original methodology are developed and implemented. The objective is to explore the dynamics of ICTs initiatives in irrigation systems and facilitate horizontal outreach. Technological emergence and diffusion is captured through in-depth analyses of information and collaboration processes operated by the technologies. Investigation into global and local datasets to map irrigation technical layouts at a regional scale shows a gap between representations of irrigation phenomenon, but used in combination these information sources can help characterize diffusion potential. Feedbacks from empirical works in a set of multistakeholder innovation platforms show that collaborative mechanisms during technological experimentations can be diverse but remain crucial to empower irrigation communities. This methodological investigation fuels the debate on digital agriculture, and shows that there are alternative avenues for irrigation sustainable development through technology. Finally, pathways for information and knowledge circulation across actors, scales, and contexts are identified, highlighting researchers' role to collect, document, and share datasets and stories. Still, learning opportunities should not obscure the operational challenges towards a translocal network of ICTs initiatives for irrigation systems.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Kevin Daudin) 03 Jun 2025
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-05094939v1
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[hal-05279501] Les citoyens peuvent-ils participer à produire des connaissances pour réconcilier élevage et société ? Une expérimentation dans le Massif central
Les approches participatives incluant non seulement des agriculteurs, mais également des citoyens dans la conception de futurs désirables en agriculture se développent, mais restent assez limitées et peu étudiées dans le domaine de l’élevage où la crise de confiance avec la société est croissante. Notre article propose d’élargir la façon dont le rôle des citoyens dans les processus de conception de futurs systèmes d’élevage peut être envisagé, en proposant un cadre d’analyse permettant de caractériser les dynamiques d’apprentissages engendrées lors de la participation de citoyens au sein d’un dispositif d’intermédiation dans ce secteur. À partir de l’analyse d’un dispositif d’intermédiation dans le Massif central, nous mettons en évidence que la participation de citoyens a engendré (i) une prise en compte et un croisement de différents types de connaissances ainsi qu’(ii) une intégration des valeurs ce qui a amené à (iii) un recadrage des enjeux et à la formulation de nouvelles problématiques, et (iv) à des changements de perception, de posture et de pratiques, questionnant l’avenir de la recherche sur les systèmes d’élevage.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Philippine Coeugnet) 18 May 2026
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-05279501v2
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[hal-05016545] Use of atypical plant resources for cattle farming in Western Europe to drive agroecological transition
CONTEXT In the efforts to optimize their production processes and yields, livestock systems overlook less productive on-farm areas and resources. Given the challenges of feed self-sufficiency, climate change mitigation and adaptation, and biodiversity conservation, it makes sense to revalue these resources to support agroecological transition in livestock systems. OBJECTIVE This paper introduces the concept of ‘atypical resources’, defined as plant resources that are part of the farm environment but are not conventionally used. The aim is to explore their nature, access, use and potential contribution to the performance of livestock systems. METHODS The study examines four unique and under-researched cattle farming systems (dairy or beef) using atypical resources in Western France through comprehensive analysis, and assessment of nitrogen metabolism. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Our results show a rich diversity of atypical resources such as abandoned land, hedgerow slopes, woody leaves, ditch bottoms and marsh reeds. These resources, coming from the farms themselves or their surroundings, are used for animal feed and/or bedding. The contribution of atypical resources in the nitrogen metabolism of the system ranges from almost 0 % to 12 %, while their contribution to animal feed varies for almost 0 % to 29 %. In addition, the management practices and grassland-based farming systems associated with these resources may limit N waste, preserve habitats and enhance biodiversity. SIGNIFICANCE This article examines an under-explored but critical issue that is essential to address the current challenges of livestock systems in Western Europe. We advocate for further research to generate knowledge and methods that harness the multiple services provided by atypical resources, thereby facilitating agroecological transition and addressing spatial management challenges.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Thomas Puech) 02 Apr 2025
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-05016545v1
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[hal-05029742] Une analyse des situations d'usage pour concevoir des outils d'aide au changement de pratiques
Pour aider les agriculteurs dans leur changement de pratiques, un nombre croissant d'outils sont proposés aux agriculteurs et leurs conseillers. Un des enjeux est d'organiser la conception de ces outils pour qu'ils soutiennent effectivement et efficacement l'activité de celles et ceux qui souhaitent transformer leurs pratiques. Pour y répondre, nous mobilisons une approche fondée sur une analyse de l'activité que l'outil à concevoir doit aider à faire évoluer. Cette analyse met en lumière les « médiations » que l'outil peut contribuer à soutenir entre un acteur et l'objet de son action. A partir de trois projets réalisés (APPI'N, MoCoRiBa, DeciFlorSys), nous montrons les retombées de cette approche sur le processus de conception, en particulier sur : les propriétés de l'outil à concevoir et les médiations qu'il soutient, les formes d'implication des utilisateurs, l'activité des concepteurs.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Marianne Cerf) 10 Apr 2025
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-05029742v1
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[hal-04969121] On-farm water quality: Co-design of result-based indicators
CONTEXT: Pollution of water resources by substances emitted by agriculture, such as nitrate, pesticides, pharmaceutical residues, fecal microorganisms and microplastics, remains a crucial issue. To assess the effectiveness of pollution-mitigation projects, water quality is usually monitored at the watershed scale. In parallel, farmers and agricultural advisors use mainly means-based indicators to assess farm sustainability. In Brittany, France, the Terres de Sources project addresses the following issues: (i) individual farmers cannot assess effects of changes in their practices using result-based water-quality indicators at the watershed outlet and (ii) means-based indicators provide little information about local water quality. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this project was to gather together researchers, farmers and advisors to build operational result-based indicators that would allow farmers to estimate on-farm emissions of pollutants to water. This article highlights the implementation and outputs of a collective design process to create such indicators. METHODS: The Knowledge-Concepts-Proposals design method was implemented to explore ideas around the initial concept of “result-based water-quality indicators at the farm scale”. The method’s design process has four steps, from initiation to outputs. Emerging ideas of indicators were classified in four categories and we finally selected scientifically relevant and achievable indicators. The methods for measuring these indicators were worked during the final phase of the design process. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The main results of the design process were (i) a set of result-based indicators focused on nitrate and pesticides and related to chemical measurements and bioindicators, (ii) the development of phases of “farm characterization” and “on-farm monitoring strategy” to understand water circulation, the relevant “types of water” to sample and suitable on-farm monitoring locations. In addition, breakthrough ideas have emerged but not exploited in this project; they were related to indicators based on senses and on exposure of livestock to pollutants. Despite fixation effects, the group was actively involved in the design process and in the proposal of subsequent prototype testing on farms. SIGNIFICANCE: Most of the indicators selected had already been developed at the watershed scale, but attempting to adapt them to the farm scale was an originality. Farm-scale studies help understand sources of pollutant emissions that decrease water quality. Farmers’ use of comprehensive assessment tools would help encourage them to pursue their efforts in agroecological transition.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Perrine Branchet) 27 Feb 2025
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04969121v1
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[hal-04945929] I-DRo: A new indicator to assess spatiotemporal diversity and ecosystem services of crop rotations
Agroecological farming systems depend on ecosystem services (ES) to replace external anthropogenic inputs. Crop diversification is increasingly being put forward as a way to support ES service provision. Actors involved in promoting, designing and implementing diversified cropping systems presumably need to assess the degree of diversity and performance of diversified cropping systems at one stage or another. This article focuses on crop rotation diversity since it is a core component of annual cropping systems. In this study, we designed a new global indicator (I-DRo) based on a set of other indicators used to assess the temporal diversity of crop rotation (which includes functional diversity through ES provision,) as well as taxonomic diversity and spatial diversity. I-DRo covers various crop diversification strategies in the rotation: introduction of new crops or cover crops, multiple cropping, intercropping, relay cropping and strip cropping. The proposed indicators may be used separately or aggregated in a hierarchical way according to a fuzzy decision tree. Using I-DRo requires only data on field width and the main crop and cover crop species. Initial tests showed the indicator could potentially be used to support various actors in their decision-making, although results on the predictive quality were mixed given the degree of simplification. Contextualizing the calculation method for ES assessment would be one avenue of investigation. Lastly, use at EU level could support the implementation of new cross-compliance measures on crop diversification, but would require efforts to harmonize data on main crops and cover crops.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Olivier Keichinger) 13 Feb 2025
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04945929v1
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[hal-04803908] Enhancing capacities for sustainability transition policy design: Lessons from French pesticide reduction plans
CONTEXT Reducing pesticide use has become an important policy objective in several countries, yet many have failed to reach their goals. Policies need to be more systemic to address lock-ins hindering pesticide reduction. To do so, policymakers must improve policymaking processes, while ensuring active stakeholder participation. This requires specific policy capacities, which have not yet been characterized. OBJECTIVE This article aims to identify policy capacities needed to improve the collective elaboration of pesticide reduction policies and integrate a systemic approach. METHODS We studied the collective elaboration of the French pesticide reduction plans. We built a narration of the policy process organized by policymakers, based on semi-structured interviews and an analysis of grey literature. We then reflected on which policy capacities policymakers needed to better manage the policy design process, using the “management situation” concept. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Our results show that to better design pesticide reduction policies, policymakers lacked four types of interdependent “policy capacities”: capacities to support collective sensemaking about lock-ins, to co-design interdependent and multi-level instruments, to co-design suitable implementation structures and to ensure learning. These results highlight an issue of dynamic capabilities in public organizations. SIGNIFICANCE Our results provide concrete proposals to improve design processes for pesticide reduction policies aiming at systemic transformations: there is a need to develop new methods, tools, analytical resources and training programs for policymakers, to support the development of the policy capacities identified. These results also suggest avenues for future action-research between public management, systemic agronomy, sustainability and design sciences.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Viviane Trèves) 26 Nov 2024
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04803908v1
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[hal-04773727] Flow approaches in agri-food systems research: revealing blind spots to support social-ecological transformation
Agrifood systems are called upon to undergo profound transformation. The development of “flow approaches” (including lifecycle assessment, carbon footprint, ecological footprint, and metabolism methodologies) has been crucial to point to the material side of human activities. More specifically, these approaches highlight the material and energetic costs of long agrifood value-chains, intensive farming practices, high levels of geographic specialization, as well as the production of non-food commodities. In the logical progression from diagnosis to action, flow approaches are currently being used as decision-support tools. But what are the biases induced by flow approaches when it comes to supporting real-world transformations? Based on our experience and interdisciplinary background, we argue that flow approaches provide a decontextualized and narrow framing of issues related to agrifood systems, such as accumulations and transfers across space and time, inequalities and asymmetries along the chain of activities, or long-lasting environmental impacts. Some aspects are measured and emphasized, while others are difficult to observe or neglected. Flow approaches, alone, are not well suited to inform issues of environmental justice, radical transformation, and local governance. As in most cases methodological advances will not suffice to overcome the biases induced; we call for hybridizing methods and for broadening analytical perspectives.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Sandrine Allain) 08 Nov 2024
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04773727v1
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[hal-05153581] Construire collectivement des alternatives aux néonicotinoïdes pour la betterave sucrière
Face à l'interdiction des néonicotinoïdes, nous avons conduit une étude agronomique visant à identifier les causes agronomiques (et les pratiques explicatives) responsables des variations d'infestations en pucerons et de gravité de la jaunisse au champ, et à concevoir collectivement des scénarios de gestion de la maladie. En nous appuyant sur des observations d'agriculteurs et de conseillers, sur des données et sur la littérature, nous montrons que le risque jaunisse dépend de 3 facteurs agronomiques majeurs : la distance entre la parcelle de betterave sucrière et les betteraves porte-graines les plus proches ; la concentration de betteraves dans l'environnement de la parcelle ; le stade des betteraves sucrières au moment de l'arrivée des pucerons, fonction de la date de semis et du climat du printemps. Sur la base de ces connaissances et de celles produites dans l'ensemble des projets du Plan National de Recherche et Innovation (PNRI), nous avons conçu collectivement 10 scénarios de gestion de la maladie, certains étant en cours de test.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Louis Bourdin) 09 Jul 2025
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-05153581v1
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[hal-05196171] Development of the ability to assess (fake) news about ecology from adolescence to older adults
Misinformation about ecology spreads rapidly in social networks where teenagers, as well as older adults, spend much of their time. Given that teenagers and older adults have cognitive specificities that could make them more or less vulnerable to fake news, in the present study, we investigated the development of the ability to discern fake news from real news about ecology from adolescence to older adults. Adolescents (15–18 years old), young adults (19–23 years old), middle-aged adults (30–45 years old), and older adults (65–80 years old) assessed fake versus real news on ecology and answered questions regarding their attitudes toward eco-friendly behaviors, the resources available to help them engage in these behaviors and their concerns regarding climate change. Finally, the participants completed the cognitive reflection test (CRT) to examine whether their analytical thinking skills were related to fake news detection. The results revealed that adolescents are better at detecting fake news about ecology than older participants are. Results confirmed that analytical reasoning is involved in media truth discernment at all ages and also revealed the valuable influence of the participants’ ecological profiles on the news valuations. This latter effect is, however, absent in adolescents, suggesting that the advantage in media truth discernment for teenagers might result from the critical analysis of information developed in secondary school lessons.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Mathieu Cassotti) 11 Aug 2025
https://hal.science/hal-05196171v1
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[hal-05360861] Analyse des dynamiques d'émergence de filières agri-alimentaires territorialisées au prisme de la conception d'innovations : cas de filières mobilisant la transformation des produits
Ce travail vise à analyser des dynamiques d'émergence de filières agri-alimentaires territorialisées au prisme de la conception d'innovations. Notre démarche a consisté à caractériser leurs dynamiques d'émergence à l'aide d'un cadre d'analyse ad hoc centré sur la conception d'innovations. Cinq filières agri-alimentaires territorialisées, structurées autour d'une activité de transformation et couvrant une diversité de types de productions agricoles et de procédés de transformation associés, ont été étudiées. L'analyse croisée fait ressortir des enseignements sur la nature des innovations conçues et leur articulation dans le temps, les spécificités des processus de conception (en termes de visées, d'exploration d'idées, de connaissances produites et mobilisées et d'expérimentation) à l'oeuvre au cours des dynamiques d'émergence, les activités clés au sein des réseaux d'acteurs pour maintenir les dynamiques. Nous montrons que l'expérimentation collective joue un rôle central pour soutenir l'émergence des filières agri-alimentaires territorialisées, notamment dans la conception d'innovations couplées.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Blandine Renault) 12 Nov 2025
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-05360861v1
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[hal-05183222] From pond to lowland scale, a systemic approach to better understanding small-scale rice-fish farming dynamics: Case study in Guinea
Context: Rice-fish farming supports rural livelihoods in Guinea, but practices and outcomes vary widely due to differences in environmental conditions and market access. These disparities affect farmers' ability to adopt advanced aquaculture techniques, highlighting the need for context-specific approaches. Objective: This study explores the practices, constraints, and income contributions of rice-fish farming systems in Guinea, with a focus on the drivers of technical adoption and their effects on household livelihoods. Methods: A census of 1942 rice-fish farmers was combined with in-depth monitoring of 36 production cycles from 16 farms across three agro-ecological zones. Analyses included descriptive statistics, Kruskal-Wallis tests, mass balance, labor productivity calculations and qualitative analysis of semi-structured interviews. Market accessibility was identified as a significant influencing factor through statistical association with fish prices and practice adoption, and interpreted in light of qualitative information such as proximity to regional markets and the presence of wholesale fish buyers. Results and conclusions: Although farmers generally understand fish farming principles, only 59 % use H. fasciatus and 30 % adopt monosex tilapia. Many recycle small fish as fingerlings, limiting growth potential. Rice-fish farming contributes 18 % of household income, on par with rice (22 %) and plantation crops (21 %). In peri-urban areas, better market access encourages the adoption of advanced practices, leading to higher prices (25,000 GNF/kg vs. 16,000–20,000 elsewhere). In contrast, savannah farmers face challenges such as water scarcity and poor market connectivity, often integrating dry-season horticulture into ponds. Significance: The study highlights farmers' adaptability in developing context-specific practices. It underscores the need for tailored support to enhance the sustainability and resilience of rice-fish farming systems in Guinea.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Lucas Fertin) 23 Jul 2025
https://hal.science/hal-05183222v1
