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[hal-05263694] Analysis of situations of use to design tools to help change practices
To help farmers change their practices, a growing number of tools are being offered to them and their advisers. One of the challenges is to design these tools so that they effectively and efficiently support those wishing to transform their practices. To meet this challenge, we use an approach based on an analysis of the activity that the tool to be designed should help to change. This analysis highlights the 'mediations' that the tool can support between an actor and the object of their action. Based on three completed projects (APPI'N, MoCoRiBa, DeciFlorSys), we demonstrate the impact of this approach on the design process, in terms of: (i) the properties of the tool to be designed and the mediations it supports; (ii) the forms of user involvement; and (iii) the design activity itself.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Marianne Cerf) 16 Sep 2025
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-05263694v1
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[hal-05225795] Fostering creativity to design biodiversity-based cropping systems that consider the long term: a participatory framework
Biodiversity-based cropping systems can address sustainability challenges currently faced by agriculture and provide long-term benefits such as climatechange mitigation and other ecosystem services. However, short-term socioeconomic and technical challenges encourage adherence to established paradigms halting the implementation of such systems in farms. In response, we developed a new framework that combines a fictional narrative and information about plant functional ecology to facilitate the co-design of biodiversity-based cropping systems. To demonstrate the interest of this framework, a participatory workshop was conducted in which participants selected crop species based on functional traits and collaboratively designed crop rotations. Both quantitative evaluation of co-designed crop rotations by ecological indices and qualitative evaluation by the satisfaction assessment of the framework by participants were performed. Our approach showed that the two co-designed crop rotations had higher biodiversity than the two reference rotations used in the study: the dominant (maize (Zea mays)wheat (Triticum aestivum)catch crop (white mustard (Sinapis alba)) and a highly diversified rotation designed to reduce the use of pesticides (10 taxonomic species). Using a fictional narrative as a trigger event (being stranded on a deserted island) was instrumental in expanding possibilities and stimulating creativity among the participants, which helped them design diverse crop rotations that contained taxonomical and functional diversity. Our framework demonstrated a potential to co-design biodiversity-based cropping systems by abstraction.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Arnaud Delbaere) 27 Aug 2025
https://hal.science/hal-05225795v1
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[hal-05279501] Les citoyens peuvent-ils participer à produire des connaissances pour réconcilier élevage et société ? Une expérimentation dans le Massif central
Les approches participatives incluant non seulement des agriculteurs, mais également des citoyens dans la conception de futurs désirables en agriculture se développent, mais restent assez limitées et peu étudiées dans le domaine de l’élevage où la crise de confiance avec la société est croissante. Notre article propose d’élargir la façon dont le rôle des citoyens dans les processus de conception de futurs systèmes d’élevage peut être envisagé, en proposant un cadre d’analyse permettant de caractériser les dynamiques d’apprentissages engendrées lors de la participation de citoyens au sein d’un dispositif d’intermédiation dans ce secteur. À partir de l’analyse d’un dispositif d’intermédiation dans le Massif central, nous mettons en évidence que la participation de citoyens a engendré (i) une prise en compte et un croisement de différents types de connaissances ainsi qu’(ii) une intégration des valeurs ce qui a amené à (iii) un recadrage des enjeux et à la formulation de nouvelles problématiques, et (iv) à des changements de perception, de posture et de pratiques, questionnant l’avenir de la recherche sur les systèmes d’élevage.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Philippine Coeugnet) 18 May 2026
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-05279501v2
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[hal-05029742] Une analyse des situations d'usage pour concevoir des outils d'aide au changement de pratiques
Pour aider les agriculteurs dans leur changement de pratiques, un nombre croissant d'outils sont proposés aux agriculteurs et leurs conseillers. Un des enjeux est d'organiser la conception de ces outils pour qu'ils soutiennent effectivement et efficacement l'activité de celles et ceux qui souhaitent transformer leurs pratiques. Pour y répondre, nous mobilisons une approche fondée sur une analyse de l'activité que l'outil à concevoir doit aider à faire évoluer. Cette analyse met en lumière les « médiations » que l'outil peut contribuer à soutenir entre un acteur et l'objet de son action. A partir de trois projets réalisés (APPI'N, MoCoRiBa, DeciFlorSys), nous montrons les retombées de cette approche sur le processus de conception, en particulier sur : les propriétés de l'outil à concevoir et les médiations qu'il soutient, les formes d'implication des utilisateurs, l'activité des concepteurs.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Marianne Cerf) 10 Apr 2025
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-05029742v1
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[hal-04882373] Designing and disseminating organisational innovations. What commitments should stakeholders in agricultural and food systems make?
Designing and disseminating organizational innovations. What commitments should stakeholders in agricultural and food systems make? Some organizational innovations are a decisive lever for the agro-ecological transition. Many organisations are involved in these innovations, from agricultural professionals, public authorities, higher education and research, to the private sector. How are these different organizations acting in this direction? What convergences can be observed, and what controversies sometimes arise, on these uncharted paths towards more resilient forms of agriculture that are better integrated into society?
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Denis Pesche) 13 Jan 2025
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04882373v1
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[hal-05153581] Construire collectivement des alternatives aux néonicotinoïdes pour la betterave sucrière
Face à l'interdiction des néonicotinoïdes, nous avons conduit une étude agronomique visant à identifier les causes agronomiques (et les pratiques explicatives) responsables des variations d'infestations en pucerons et de gravité de la jaunisse au champ, et à concevoir collectivement des scénarios de gestion de la maladie. En nous appuyant sur des observations d'agriculteurs et de conseillers, sur des données et sur la littérature, nous montrons que le risque jaunisse dépend de 3 facteurs agronomiques majeurs : la distance entre la parcelle de betterave sucrière et les betteraves porte-graines les plus proches ; la concentration de betteraves dans l'environnement de la parcelle ; le stade des betteraves sucrières au moment de l'arrivée des pucerons, fonction de la date de semis et du climat du printemps. Sur la base de ces connaissances et de celles produites dans l'ensemble des projets du Plan National de Recherche et Innovation (PNRI), nous avons conçu collectivement 10 scénarios de gestion de la maladie, certains étant en cours de test.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Louis Bourdin) 09 Jul 2025
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-05153581v1
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[hal-04779463] Développement de l'approvisionnement en produits locaux et durables en restauration collective : importance des innovations organisationnelles
En France, développer l'approvisionnement bio et local de la restauration collective est un levier largement mis en avant pour contribuer à la transition agroécologique des systèmes alimentaires. En s'appuyant sur un travail d'enquête, réalisé auprès de 7 producteurs du département des Pyrénées-Atlantiques, nous illustrons la diversité des solutions techniques, logistiques, organisationnelles ou sociales mises en oeuvre par ces agriculteurs, seuls ou en coordination avec d'autres acteurs du territoire. Puis, nous mettons en lumière le rôle central des innovations organisationnelles à différentes échelles dans le développement de l'approvisionnement bio et local. Enfin, nous discutons l'importance d'accompagner la conception de ces dernières et la contribution potentielle de cette analyse à cet accompagnement.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Margot Leclère) 13 Nov 2024
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04779463v1
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[hal-04583740] Modéliser l'impact du changement climatique et de l'adaptation sur les légumineuses à graines en Europe : synthèse et perspectives
La culture de légumineuses à graines est un levier majeur pour l’atténuation du changement climatique. Cependant, les connaissances sont encore peu nombreuses sur la capacité d’adaptation de ces espèces à des stress climatiques de plus en plus fréquents. Cette synthèse analyse 83 études qui simulent l’impact du changement climatique futur et de leviers d’adaptation sur les performances des légumineuses à graines en Europe. Ces simulations indiquent une expansion des zones favorables à la culture du soja dans le nord de l’Europe et une diminution du rendement dans d’actuels bassins de production, ainsi qu’un effet positif de plusieurs leviers d’adaptation sur le rendement des légumineuses à graines. La modélisation participative semble un outil pertinent pour compléter les connaissances existantes avec des simulations répondant aux besoins des acteurs.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Marie Marteau-Bazouni) 22 May 2024
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04583740v1
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[hal-04550467] Représenter l’activité pour ouvrir l’exploration et l’imaginaire des concepteurs : le cas de la conception d’artefacts pour la transition agroécologique
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ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Marianne Cerf) 25 Jun 2024
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04550467v1
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[hal-04473250] A method to design coupled innovations for the agroecological transition. Implementation for soil health management in Provencal sheltered vegetable systems
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ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Yann Boulestreau) 01 Oct 2025
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04473250v1
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[hal-04187826] Unravelling the step-by-step process for farming system design to support agroecological transition
Given the huge challenges agriculture has to face, both in Northern and Southern countries, a radical change in farming practices towards agroecology is required. Most scientific literature on the design of new farming systems describes de novo approaches, which focus on disruption and novelty, without any concern for the way to move from the current system to the innovative one. In this study, we highlight, for the first time, the particular traits of what we will call the step-by-step design approach. In this aim, we disentangled 9 case studies of practice change in commercial or experimental farms through the lens of theoretical frameworks derived from three scientific fields: design sciences, farming system research, and change pathways analysis. From data collected in each case study, and collective interactions among the authors of this paper, we identified commonalities across cases, in the aim to produce guidelines for actors willing to engage, characterize or support such design processes in the future. We thus show that step-by-step design appears as (i) a situated design process fueled by action, (ii) structured by iterative loops diagnosis-exploration-implementationassessment, fostered by learning, (iii) progressively shaping a desirable unknown, (iv) supported by specific tools, and (v) intertwining individual and collective dimensions. This approach is well adapted to manage the agroecological transition: by its temporality, by its capacity to overcome knowledge gaps through learning, by its contribution to farmers' empowerment, and by its capacity to tailor solutions to local specificities. By doing so, it allows the progressive implementation of profound systemic changes. Finally, this article provides benchmarks to encourage increased Research & Development investment in this type of approach, contributing to open innovation, to enhance the agroecological transition.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Jean-Marc Meynard) 25 Aug 2023
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04187826v1
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[hal-04154939] Including citizens through co-design in a participatory research project to explore innovative agro-food systems :
Introduction Livestock farming and its negative impacts are increasingly criticized by society; its evolution toward more sustainable systems is therefore a key aspect of the transition of agro-food systems. It is necessary to rethink livestock systems' research and innovation processes and develop innovative solutions. Including citizens, non-professionals of the sector, who are less influenced by the current organization of the agricultural sector could be an opportunity to generate innovative solutions, but they have been kept away from research and innovation processes so far. Methods In this context, we implemented a co-design process involving researchers, livestock professionals, and citizens in a participatory research project aiming at producing knowledge and developing innovative solutions for the future mountain dairy systems. For this, we have adapted the KCP design method known to promote the exploration of innovative solutions, support the agro-ecological transition, and build a common horizon. Results The analysis of this collective dynamic and its outputs allowed us to highlight the positive contribution of citizens during the design process, even if they are not livestock experts. The citizens participated in the formulation of new knowledge by questioning the researchers and livestock professionals and were less influenced by the current system. This contributed to the exploration of original and varied solutions for livestock farming systems. Discussion This experimentation offers perspectives for including citizens in agro-food systems research and innovation process. It also opens up interesting perspectives for the fields of citizen science and co-design research.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Philippine Coeugnet) 07 Jul 2023
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04154939v1
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[hal-04102010] Ideal-types of experimentation practices in agricultural Living Labs: Various appropriations of an open innovation model
CONTEXTThe “Living Lab” (LL) model of innovation practices is increasingly applied and strongly supported by innovation policies in the agricultural sector. But while the main principles of LLs imply specific approaches to collectively implementing open innovation processes, few studies have developed an understanding of the different ways of doing so, in relation to the experimental practices on which they rely. While the specificities of agricultural LLs are beginning to be described, little is known about how they more particularly reconfigure experimentation in agricultural innovation systems.OBJECTIVEThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the diversity of experimentation practices in agricultural LLs. It looks at how these practices correspond to different contextualized appropriations of an open innovation model, as translated into key principles for LL implementation.METHODSFirst, we produced an analytical framework that combines the principles of the LL model as described in the LL literature with generic dimensions of experimentation as analyzed in Science and Technology Studies. Second, we used this framework to analyze the diversity of experimentation practices in eighteen cases of LLs in the agricultural and food sectors. Cases were analyzed via two approaches: 1- three small and recent ongoing LLs located in France were studied during a one-year immersive observation; and 2- a collection of 15 other cases (identified in scientific and technical literature, each case corresponding to experiments that are forms of appropriation of the LL model of innovation, sometimes in several similar LLs) were analyzed, mostly based on scientific papers (describing the LLs or their outcomes), technical documents and available information such as videos online, with additional visits and discussions with LL actors for a subset of cases.RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONSOur results enable us to characterize three ideal-types of experimentation practices within agricultural LLs: 1- experimentation as a game of creativity in a predefined space; 2- experimentation as a progressive contextual adaptation for innovation adoption; and 3- experimentation as a catalyst for long-term local collective action. Each ideal-type corresponds to a particular combination of ways of (i) controlling what happens within the experimentation space, (ii) defining a perimeter for experimentation, (iii) integrating plural knowledge in problematization, and (iv) integrating various actors' evaluations of experiments. Beyond a clear distinction among ideal-types, appropriations of the LL model reveal different ways of anchoring the experimental process in an explicit temporality and situation, and of considering the construction of the LL itself as experimental and open-ended.SIGNIFICANCEOur analytical framework opens a new way to distinguish between various experimentation practices claiming to develop open innovation processes in agriculture. The three ideal-types that we have identified show the need to pay attention to the relation between collective experimentation practices and the LL expected outcomes.Graphical abstract
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Quentin Toffolini) 22 May 2023
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04102010v1
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[hal-03997371] Sustainability assessment in innovation design processes: place, role, and conditions of use in agrifood systems. A review
Abstract Facing the ecological and social crisis that the agrifood systems cross, a profound transformation of food systems is required, necessitating systemic and sustainable innovations. Sustainability assessments are generally performed to identify and/or validate the improvement in sustainability conferred by a designed artifact relative to the current or standard situation. However, they can have many other benefits in the design process. Here, we review the place, role, and conditions of use of sustainability assessment in innovation design processes in agrifood systems. By cross-referencing published findings and our own experience, we formalize a design process highlighting the place of sustainability assessment, whether design is intended for the creation of an agricultural or food artifact. We identify three types of assessment: initial diagnosis, screening between solutions at the ideation stage, and evaluation at the prototyping and development stages. We discuss ways of performing each of these assessments and highlight general key points about sustainability assessment. A first set of key points relate to criteria and indicators, a second set to the role of stakeholders, a third one to the adaptive nature of the assessment, and the last one to the uncertainty consideration. These key points provide guidance for efficient assessment in the design of innovations to increase the sustainability of agrifood systems. Thus, we demonstrate that the design process of innovations for sustainable agrifood systems requires (1) to formalize the place and mode of assessment, (2) to make use of relevant sustainability criteria and indicators, (3) to reinforce participatory practices, and (4) to adapt the assessment to the context of the designed artifact, to facilitate choices between imperfect solutions. Such an approach aims to promote innovations that meet the expectations of the system’s direct stakeholders, but also integrate the needs of invisible actors such as the environment or the well-being of populations.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Aurélie Perrin) 30 Mar 2023
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-03997371v1
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[hal-03957484] Key research challenges to supporting farm transitions to agroecology in advanced economies. A review
In response to the sustainability issues that agriculture faces in advanced economies, agroecology has gained increasing relevance in scientific, political, and social debates. This has promoted discussion about transitions to agroecology, which represents a significant advancement. Accordingly, it has become a growing field of research. We reviewed the literature on and in support of farm transitions to agroecology in advanced economies in order to identify key research challenges and suggest innovative research paths. Our findings can be summarized as follows: (1) Research that supports exploration and definition of desired futures, whether based on future-oriented modeling or expert-based foresight approaches, should more explicitly include the farm level. It should stimulate the creativity and design ability of farmers and other stakeholders, and also address issues of representation and power among them. (2) Research that creates awareness and assesses farms before, during or after transition requires more holistic and dynamic assessment frameworks. These frameworks need to be more flexible to adapt to the diversity of global and local challenges. Their assessment should explicitly include uncertainty due to the feedback loops and emergent properties of transitions. (3) Research that analyzes and supports farms during transition should focus more on the dynamics of change processes by valuing what happens on the farms. Research should especially give more credence to on-farm experiments conducted by farmers and develop new tools and methods (e.g., for strategic monitoring) to support these transitions. This is the first review of scientific studies of farm transitions to agroecology. Overall, the review indicates that these transitions challenge the system boundaries, temporal horizons, and sustainability dimensions that agricultural researchers usually consider. In this context, farm transitions to agroecology require changes in the current organization and funding of research in order to encourage longer term and more adaptive configurations.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Lorène Prost) 26 Jan 2023
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-03957484v1
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[hal-03879583] On-farm experimentation practices and associated farmer-researcher relationships: a systematic literature review
AbstractThe convergence among the rise of digital technologies, the attention paid to the localized issues of transitions in practices toward agroecology, and the emergence of new open innovation models are renewing and reviving the scientific community’s interest in on-farm experimentation (OFE). This form of experimentation is claimed to be enhanced by digital tools as well as being an enabler of production of credible, salient, and legitimate science insofar as it embraces a farmer-centric perspective. However, the forms of research in which some experimental activities on farms are anchored vary greatly, notably with regard to the actual forms that interventions on farms take, the legitimacy of the actors involved and their roles, or the observations and instruments applied for interpretation. We propose a systematic review of the literature and an analytical framework in order to better understand this diversity of practices behind on-farm experimentation. Our analysis segregated six major publication clusters based on themes appearing in titles and abstracts. These themes guided a more in-depth analysis of representative articles, from which we identified seven types of OFE practices that are described and discussed here with regard to the knowledge targeted, roles of the various actors, and on-farm experimental space. Our typology provides an original basis for supporting reflexivity and building alignment between the above-mentioned dimensions and the ways in which new tools can support the experimental process.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Quentin Toffolini) 04 Dec 2023
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-03879583v1
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[hal-04144605] Design workshops for innovative cropping systems and decision-support tools: Learning from 12 case studies
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ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Marie-Hélène Jeuffroy) 14 Sep 2023
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04144605v1
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[hal-03856400] Analyzing co-design of agroecology-oriented cropping systems: lessons to build design-support tools
If the challenges involved in agroecological transition are to be addressed, cropping systems (CS) need to be changed profoundly, which in turn requires innovative design adapted to local conditions. This is however by no means an easy task since such design activity requires extensive knowledge on objects and processes rarely studied until now, most of which is distributed among numerous stakeholders. Since the 2000s, research on design in agriculture has aimed at developing participatory methods to support on-farm design of new systems, but few studies have focused on the elaboration of design-support tools. With a view to defining the features of tools intended to support the design of agroecology-oriented cropping systems, ergonomists recommended an analysis of the activities of the future users of these tools in their real work situations. We started out by implementing a diagnosis of use situations, based on observations of real collective design activities. To this end, we took part in six design workshops, which differed in terms of goals and of designers participating (i.e., farmers, advisors, students, or scientists). We first identified the diversity of features of these design situations, and then analyzed three processes across the design workshops: (i) the reformulation of the design goal; (ii) the large exploration of candidate solutions; and (iii) the local adaptation of these solutions while anticipating the on-field implementation. Here, we show, for the first time, the type of reasonings and knowledge that designers and facilitators displayed and used throughout the agroecological cropping system design process. We identify the features that future design-support tools should have to guide co-designers of agroecological CS. Such tools should promote several types of design reasoning and allow the development of external representations of the object under design. Our results provide operational guidelines for the elaboration of new design-support tools.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Maude Quinio) 29 Nov 2022
https://telecom-paris.hal.science/hal-03856400v1
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[hal-03856345] Cognitive resources to promote exploration in agroecological systems design
CONTEXT: To support agroecological transition aimed at sharply reducing the use of synthetic inputs, agricultural systems must undergo in-depth change in which biological processes are enhanced with a view to providing ecosystem services. This transformation of the cropping systems requires design processes which should rely on the exploration of science-based and expert-based knowledge and of alternative solutions (divergence thinking), and on the tailoring of the solution to the situation at hand (convergent thinking).OBJECTIVE: Our objective is to build, together with end users, cognitive resources structuring knowledge. These resources will then serve to guide users in the exploration of agroecological solutions that are both disruptive and tailored to the situation in which they will be implemented.METHODS: Based on theoretical insights from Design Studies, we first proposed guidelines for building cognitive resources to support divergent and convergent thinking. Based on these guidelines, we built prototypes of cognitive resources, with specific knowledge structures adapted to design reasoning in agriculture: the function based resource and the biology-based resource, to stimulate divergent thinking in the exploration process; and the experience-based resource to support both convergent and divergent thinking. We then conducted 12 user tests of these prototypes, with various targeted users (advisors, farmers, teachers, researchers) who were either designers of agroecological systems or contributors, eager to use actionable resources to share what they had learnt about innovative systems or their knowledge on ecological processes. We received feedback from the designers who had used the resources in context, and from the contributors who had developed cognitive resources using the suggested guidelines.RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Our findings highlight how the resources support agronomist-designers and facilitators in their activities during the exploration part of a design process, from the preparation of design workshops to the stimulation within workshops and the ex-post documentation of a collective exploration for its reuse by other designers. Contributors recognized that the suggested guidelines and prototypes would both help to build on existing knowledge and enable future reuse by designers. They also noted the completeness, the evidence and the value-laden nature of the content. We finally discussed how these cognitive resources could be collectively enriched by a community of practitioners with diverse expectations and values, sharing the common goal of designing agroecosystems conducive to agroecology.SIGNIFICANCE: Our research contributes to a critical shift in knowledge capitalization (mixing science-based and experience-based knowledge) to support the design process of agroecosystems, involving various actors, including practitioners.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Maude Quinio) 29 Nov 2022
https://telecom-paris.hal.science/hal-03856345v1
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[hal-03511140] Tracking down coupled innovations supporting agroecological vegetable crop protection to foster sustainability transition of agrifood systems
CONTEXT: High pesticide use causes environmental and human health hazards. Yet, the change to alternative crop protection practices faces a web of interacting barriers that results in a sociotechnical lock-in. Designing "coupled innovation" has been proposed by agricultural scientists to overcome the barriers that prevent change in practices. Coupled innovations consist of developing jointly innovations both at the farm and the agrifood system level to overcome the lock-in.OBJECTIVE: In this study, we aim at characterizing how existing coupled innovations foster the implementation of agroecological crop protection in French vegetable systems.METHODS: 'Tracking down coupled innovation' method consisted of six steps: (i) identification of the existing coupled innovations in vegetable systems across France; (ii) interview of their stakeholders; (iii) identification, based on the interviews and an analytical framework, of the sociotechnical levers involved in the coupled innovations and the functions the levers perform to foster agroecological crop protection; (iv) characterization of the conditions for the coupled innovation implementation based on 20 categorical variables; (v) typology of the innovations based on the lever functions they performed, using a multiple correspondence analysis followed by hierarchical cluster analysis on principal components; (vi) comprehensive analysis of one typical innovation per cluster, to understand in-depth how it was implemented.RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: We identified 40 coupled innovations, 17 sociotechnical lever functions and 5 consistent clusters of coupled innovations each implementing a specific combination of lever functions. The five clusters consist of: (1) co-developing and diffusing new inputs and related knowledge through specific knowledge infrastructure, (2) facilitating farmers' peer-exchange of knowledge, (3) (re)structuring the food value chain to support the implementation of agroecological crop protection, (4) pooling material and cognitive resources and (5) renting or exchanging fields to support crop diversification. Key conditions for innovation success were the support of intermediaries, a shared vision and trust between stakeholders, their active involvement, and a limited physical distance between them. The comprehensive analysis of the typical innovations illustrated, for each cluster, the complex relation between the sociotechnical levers, the functions they perform, the network involved, the ACP practices implemented and the conditions for successful implementation.SIGNIFICANCE: Tracking down coupled innovation produced knowledge that can support the coupled innovation design in other contexts, hence the sustainability transition of the agrifood systems. It can complement the study of innovative farmers' practices with capitalizing knowledge on the means to overcome barriers to the implementation of these practices.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Yann Boulestreau) 04 Jan 2022
https://hal.science/hal-03511140v1
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[hal-03412682] Implementing agricultural living labs that renew actors’ roles within existing innovation systems: A case study in France
Living Labs are developed in widely diverse innovation domains, based on principles of users involvement and experimentation in 'real-world' contexts, inviting to question the various actors' roles within innovation systems. In the agricultural sector, the implementation of Living Labs may face incumbent routines for experimentation, actors' relationships, and information circulation, as 'users' are mostly farmers already embedded in innovation systems. How, beyond adhesion to inclusiveness principles, the actual practices related to an agricultural Living Lab development make possible to renew or redistribute actors' roles in the innovation process? To address this issue, we realized a case study, following the development of an agricultural Living Lab in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes Region (France) by one year long immersion and participant observation. Our theoretical approach was to consider the Living Lab as a boundary object supposed to allow actors from different social worlds to work together in a new way, and relying on infrastructures in order to do so. We thus studied the intertwining between various rationales about the innovation model or the territory, the infrastructures on which the innovation process relied, and actors' roles construction. Our findings underline the divergent rationales conserved among the LIT's steering actors, associated with undefined roles, especially for farmers. We further show how these divergent rationales participated in maintaining existing infrastructures of the innovation system, preventing from effectively renewing actors' arrangements and respective roles. Among these, we describe the farmers' workshops, and the information sharing paths, both limiting the ownership of the process by non-incumbent actors. Complementarily to the distinctions of various roles in literature, we contribute to relate potentially neglected aspects of the Living Lab management (because not judged strategical) to the room for manoeuvre and possibilities for enactment of expected actors' roles. We finally discuss the relevant skills and their distribution among actors that our findings suggest for the development of an agricultural Living Lab within an existing innovation system.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Quentin Toffolini) 03 Nov 2021
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-03412682v1
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[hal-03313504] Revitalizing agricultural sciences with design sciences
In this perspective article, I explain why agricultural sciences are facing what I consider to be design issues, and why I strongly believe that agricultural sciences would benefit from more dialogue on these issues with design sciences. Using two examples concerning the design of Decision Support Systems (DSS) and of agricultural systems, I discuss the methodological and conceptual contribution that design sciences can make to agricultural sciences. I then elaborate on how design sciences are most needed to help us revitalise agricultural sciences so that they can more effectively support farmers and agricultural stakeholders on their road to sustainability – a process which requires a radical, creative and innovative design effort.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Lorène Prost) 02 Aug 2023
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-03313504v1
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[hal-03192800] Designing a research agenda for coupled innovation towards sustainable agrifood systems
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ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Juliette Brun) 05 Dec 2022
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-03192800v1
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[hal-03278938] Analyzing barriers and levers for practice change: a new framework applied to vegetables’ soil pest management
Western agricultural practices for crop protection are still heavily dependent on pesticides, even though they cause major humanhealth and environmental hazards. In France, public incentives for pesticide reduction have failed to achieve their goal, andagroecological practices are still seldom implemented. In this study, we hypothesized that a systemic analysis of the determinantsof current farming practices could serve to characterize (i) the impediments to change in farming practices; (ii) the resourcessupporting the change; (iii) the underpinning sociotechnical processes; (iv) the stakeholders’involvement; and (v) levers tofacilitate agroecological transition. We therefore designed the first analytical framework that supports a systemic, multi-level(field, farm, territorial, and supra-territorial), multi-actor (including private actors and policymakers), and transformation-orientedanalysis of the determinants of farming practices. We applied this analytical framework to the management of root-knotnematodes in sheltered vegetable systems in south-eastern France, jointly analyzing conventional and organic systems. Weconducted this comprehensive analysis based on complementary data collection methods: interviews with stakeholders, analysisof written material, participant observation, and participatory workshops. We show that strongly interconnected determinants offarming practices fostered drastic soil disinfection and locked out agroecological soil health technology (e.g., product quality andeconomic constraints from marketing firms and from regulations; lack of knowledge; unavailability of agroecological inputs).However, this sociotechnical lock-in was being undermined by societal pressures and increasing actions of the stakeholders infavor of the agroecology paradigm. On the other hand, the conventionalization process of the organic regime was simultaneouslythreatening the further development of agroecological practices.Finally, this analysis revealed levers that could be used tosupport innovation design and enable changes in farming practices toward agroecology (e.g., facilitate access to agroecologicalinputs, develop multi-stakeholder platforms). The framework, successfully applied to the Provençal vegetable sector, could beused in other production and territorial contexts.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Yann Boulestreau) 02 Aug 2022
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-03278938v1
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[hal-03280170] Combining on-farm innovation tracking and participatory prototyping trials to develop legume-based cropping systems in West Africa
In the cotton-production zone of Burkina Faso, poor soil fertility and limited access to appropriate fertilizers call for alternative approaches to sustain productivity, such as the introduction of more legumes into the agroecosystem. Legumes have nearly disappeared from local cropping systems under the pressure of the cotton monocropping model. To develop new legume-based cropping systems using a bottom-up approach, this study was based on local farmers' agroecological innovations. In a first step, called on-farm innovation tracking, five innovative legume-based cropping systems were identified and characterized on farms located in the study area through interviews with "innovative farmers" who had designed and implemented these cropping systems: (i) Sorghum and legume (cowpea, soybean or peanut) intercropping in rotation with maize or cotton; (ii) Soybean as a cash crop in rotation with maize or cotton; (iii) Red cowpea intra-annual succession with a biomass crop; (iv) Mucuna in rotation with maize; and (v) Pigeon pea in rotation with maize. In a second step, these five "innovative cropping systems" (ICSs) were implemented in "participatory prototyping trials" (PPTs) in two communities located in the study area were they were evaluated during field days by local farmers ("field-day farmers") having no previous experience with ICSs. By comparing evaluations made by innovative farmers with those of field-day farmers, it was shown that (i) locally implemented ICSs adapted to local drivers of change are of great interest to other farmers, and (ii) the study's two-step participatory approach is an original and relevant way to co-design and introduce innovations.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Anne Périnelle) 15 Dec 2022
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-03280170v1
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[hal-03392992] A theoretical framework for tracking farmers’ innovations to support farming system design
Over the last few years, an increasing number of agricultural R&D actors have sought to discover and get to know farmers’ practices that they consider as innovative, unconventional, or promising. We refer to these approaches, all of which aim to support the design of farming systems, as ‘farmer innovation tracking’. There is still a lack of knowledge, however, about the specificities of the approaches adopted to track innovations and how they contribute to design processes. To explore these questions, we studied 14 initiatives in France led by actors from different R&D networks. We analysed the data collected using agronomy and design science concepts. Three outcomes emerge from this work. (1) We shed light on the common features of innovation tracking. We outline five stages that structure all the approaches: formulating an innovation tracking project, unearthing innovations, learning about them, analysing them, and generating agronomic content. (2) We characterize six contributions of farmer innovation tracking to design processes: giving rise to creative anomalies, shedding light on systemic mechanisms to fuel design processes on other farms, uncovering research questions, stimulating design in orphan fields of innovation, circulating innovation concepts, and connecting farmer-designers with each other. (3) Finally, we highlight three tracking strategies: the targeted tracking of proven practices, the targeted tracking of innovations under development, and the exploratory tracking of proven practices. This article is the first to propose a theorization of the farmer innovation tracking approaches, thus enriching the agronomic foundations supporting farming system design. The purpose of our paper is not to provide a turnkey method, but to highlight concepts, mechanisms, and points of reference for actors who might wish to develop farmer innovation tracking in different contexts in the future. By revealing their contributions to design processes, this article seeks to contribute to the institutionalization of innovation tracking.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Chloé Salembier) 05 Sep 2022
https://minesparis-psl.hal.science/hal-03392992v1
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[hal-02936827] Design as a source of renewal in the production of scientific knowledge in crop science
Innovation is central to the strategic orientations of many agronomic research institutes. Little attention has been paid, however, to the links between knowledge production and design processes, defined as processes resulting in the creation of new objects in pursuit of specific goals. Our aim was to analyze the conditions and specificities of the production of scientific knowledge on agro-ecosystems through design processes. Drawing on design theory, we carried out a cross-analysis of nine research projects that included design processes and produced innovative objects (for example blending rules for variety mixtures in low-input crop management routes). These projects were managed by researchers from a range of disciplines (agronomists, geneticists, crop physiologists, and ecologists), and varied in their duration (from three to 15 years) and scale (from plot to landscape). We combined semi-structured interviews with these researchers and the analysis of various documents (scientific papers, PhD theses, technical publications, and research projects or reports). Our findings show that in all case studies, original and general scientific knowledge on agro-ecosystem functioning was produced at various stages throughout the design processes. The originality of this knowledge lies with the new representations that emerged, either of the agro-ecosystem processes at stake, or of farmers' practices. We show that these representations were formed gradually, through successive iterations of both refined formulations of the design target and new knowledge produced, required for its design. Finally, our results highlight the role of confrontation with real-life situations (particularly through agronomic diagnosis or experiments) in the evolution of these representations. Engaging in design processes can thus be seen as a research practice that leads to the production of original knowledge, allowing for a greater diversity of actors' ways of knowing to be taken into account.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Quentin Toffolini) 11 May 2022
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-02936827v1
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[hal-03025633] Challenges of complying with both food value chain specifications and agroecology principles in vegetable crop protection
To meet the challenges of sustainability in agricultural system design, reducing the dependency on synthetic plant protection products has become a core issue. There are currently two major reasons for farmers' decision to reduce their use of synthetic products: public policies, and the extralegal requirements of food supply chains. To reduce or eliminate synthetic plant protection products, agroecological crop protection (ACP) relying on the development of agroecology science and practices is a promising holistic approach focused on crop health overall. ACP requires a consistent combination of various agronomic practices at different spatiotemporal and trophic levels. Vegetable crops are minor crops facing the major challenges of producing high-quality produce and of controlling sanitary pressure on yields. Thus, agroecological vegetable systems must not only be adapted to official regulations and environmental parameters but must also comply with the specifications of the targeted food value chains (FVC), which are variable: marketing standards regarding cosmetic issues are very strict in long value chains, whereas they are more flexible in local short chains. Whereas fresh vegetable production is strongly challenged by the reduction of synthetic plant protection products, there are few studies that show how to design, manage and assess agroecological crop protection strategies for such systems, considering the main specifications and criteria of the FVC as a whole. This article reports on the challenges of complying with both FVC specifications and agroecology principles in protected vegetable crop protection. This study relies on four cropping systems implemented in an experimental station for 4.5 years, each of which had a specific strategy of crop protection management and was devoted to a particular FVC. The four FVCs are "local direct sale in lowpesticide farming", "local direct sale in organic farming", "super- and hypermarket value chain in low-pesticide farming" and "super- and hypermarkets value chain in organic farming". Results consist in the description of combination of agronomic practices used, as well as the corresponding decision-making processes. They then present the performance of the four systems tested, showing that agroecological crop protection strategies are successful in reducing or eliminating synthetic plant protection products. We then discuss failure and success factors highlighted by this multi-year experiment. It illustrates that agroecological crop protection and compliance with the FVC's expectations can be compatible but involve specific trade-offs, depending on the targeted food value chain. We finally stress key areas to investigate further in order to achieve still challenging objectives in vegetable systems.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Amélie Lefèvre) 22 Sep 2022
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-03025633v1
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[hal-02869596] Optimizing sensory quality and variety: An effective strategy for increasing meal enjoyment and food intake in older nursing home residents
A decline in appetite and consequently in food intake is often observed with ageing, particularly in older adults living in nursing homes. Several strategies have been tested in nursing homes to counter this phenomenon. However, the approaches have rarely focused on food improvement, and most studies have assessed the impact of flavor enhancement on eating behavior. The present experiment aimed to assess the impact of improving sensory quality versus increasing sensory variety on food intake and meal enjoyment in elderly individuals living in a nursing home. Four conditions were compared: control condition, a Quality+ condition (recipes were improved according to sensory preference of the target population), a Variety+ condition (participants were offered a variety of main dishes and several condiments throughout the meal) and a Quality&Variety+ condition combining the two previous conditions. Eighty-two residents (age range: 71-101 years) participated in eight lunchtime sessions (2 replicates x 4 conditions). Compared to control condition, our results showed that improving the sensory quality of the dishes and/or providing variety led to increased meal enjoyment and food intake (energy intake: +5% for Quality+; +7% for Variety+). No additional effect was observed when the two factors were combined (+7% for Quality&Variety+). These results suggest that meal improvement strategies can be used to increase food intake in order to prevent and treat malnutrition in dependent older adults.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Virginie van Wymelbeke) 16 Apr 2021
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-02869596v1
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[hal-03186937] Participatory design of agronomic scenarios for the reintroduction of legumes into a French territory
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ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Elise Lô-Pelzer) 31 Mar 2021
https://hal.science/hal-03186937v1
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[hal-02898279] Public policy design: Assessing the potential of new collective Agri-Environmental Schemes in the Marais Poitevin wetland region using a participatory approach
The conciliation between different issues such as agriculture production, biodiversity conservation and water management remains unsolved in many places in the world. As a striking example, the wet grasslands of the Marais Poitevin region (France) presents many obstacles against the integration of these issues, especially in terms of public policy design. The socio-cultural situation in this region shows a high degree of political resistance and questions the relevancy of the current Agri-Environmental Schemes (AES) as an incentive for livestock farmers to adopt biodiversity friendly practices favoring the birds’ richness of the area. In this study, we explored the reasons for the poor effect of public policy using a two-fold approach based on ethnographic fieldwork and a role-playing game experiment. The ethnographic fieldwork aimed at understanding the local context and daily lives of farmers and current AES’s difficulties while the observation of the role-playing game session allowed for the exploration of current and alternative policy scenarios. The game represents an archetypal wetland that simulates the grass regeneration, water flows through a canal system and a surrounding network of cultivated plots (wheat, corn, sunflower, alfalfa) and pasture areas. The game is designed for eight players who embody their role in real life, i.e. water managers, biodiversity managers and farmers. The behaviors of the players during the session were observed and analyzed through semantic analysis. The game was structured around two scenarios to allow participants to explore, test and compare the current individual action-oriented AES with alternative collective public policy instruments. Such comparison brings new insights for public policy design. It also highlights the topic of integrated environmental management and questions the relevancy of participatory approaches in striving to resolve contradiction/dilemmas in environmental development.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Pierre-Yves Hardy) 03 Jan 2022
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-02898279v1
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[hal-02924737] A farmer-oriented method for co-designing groundwater-friendly farm management
French and EU policies have been only partially successful in promoting the restoration of groundwater quality. The currently proposed measures are scientifically valid but ineffective in encouraging farmers to change their practices over the longer term. Participatory approaches have been developed for co-designing scenarios at cropping system or catchment area level, to improve groundwater quality. Farmers are one of several types of stakeholders who make contributions in this respect. In this context, we propose a similar participatory approach, although with two key differences: only farmers take part in the co-design process, and a farm-scale systemic perspective is applied. Our method, inspired by co-development, involves five steps, including groundwater quality pressure assessment. Within this method, we generate farmer-to-farmer suggestions aimed at improving farm management from an economic, social, and environmental perspective, with an emphasis on reducing pollution in catchments. The co-design groundwater-friendly farm management combines re-designed elements (e.g., changing agricultural practices or cropping systems or machinery or labor) that are consistent with the project specified by the farmer and that simultaneously decrease pressure on groundwater quality. We tested our method using two groups of farmers from southeastern France, located in areas concerned by groundwater quality issues related to nitrate and pesticide pollution. Our results show that our method based on farmer-to-farmer exchanges with a systemic approach constitutes an interesting and viable solution. In the months following the co-design process, the farmers in the test groups implemented some of the innovations suggested by their peers, thus creating a new groundwater-friendly farm management. This approach could be used in regions with other environmental challenges since the ultimate goal is to encourage sustainable farming practices. However, in the proposed methodology, the knowledge provided only by farmers might be too homogeneous, thus limiting the scope of changes in farming practices.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Annabelle Richard) 03 Aug 2023
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-02924737v1
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[hal-03087739] Using Multiple Sensory Profiling Methods to Gain Insight into Temporal Perceptions of Pea Protein-Based Formulated Foods
The food industry is focused on creating plant-based foods that incorporate pea protein isolates. However, pea protein isolates are often described as having persistent beany, bitter, and astringent notes that can decrease the desirability of the resulting foods and make static sensory profiling diffcult. To obtain more realistic descriptions of the sensory experiences associated with this category of products, researchers should consider using temporal methods and multi-intake methods, which allow consumers to evaluate whole food portions. This study aimed to understand better how product composition affected the sensory perception of pea protein-based beverages using three different sensory profiling methods. Particular focus was placed on beany, bitter, and astringent notes. Twelve pea protein-based beverages were formulated; they varied in pea protein type (pellet vs. isolate) and their content of gellan gum, salt, sunflower oil, sugar, and soy lecithin. They were evaluated by 16 trained panelists using three sensory profiling methods: static block profiling, mono-intake temporal dominance of sensations (TDS) profiling, and multi-intake TDS profiling. The static block and mono-intake TDS profiling methods yielded complementary results about the impact of beverage composition on attribute perceptions. Static block profiling revealed that beaniness was mainly affected by gellan gum and oil content and that bitterness and astringency were mainly affected by protein type and gellan gum content. Mono-intake TDS profiling highlighted the dynamics of beaniness and the strong persistence of astringency, and its results suggested that higher gellan gum and salt contents could limit this persistence. Multi-intake TDS profiling found that, throughout the consumption of a full product portion, beaniness and bitterness decreased, indicating an adaptation effect, while fattiness increased, indicating a build-up effect. This study has increased the understanding of how pea protein-based beverages are perceived under conditions that more closely resemble those associated with real-life consumption. It has also revealed how product formulation can reduce bitterness and astringency.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Audrey Cosson) 24 Dec 2020
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-03087739v1
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[hal-03639287] Block protocol for conventional profiling to sensory characterize plant protein isolates
Pea protein isolates are promising ingredients to use when designing new plant-based foods; have interesting functional properties (e.g., emulsification, foaming) and can serve as alternatives to animal proteins. However, their sensory properties must be considered if their use is to be optimized. Indeed, pea proteins are often perceived as having a highly persistent bitter, astringent, or beany flavor, which can strongly impact sensory assessments (e.g., carry over, sensory fatigue) during sample evaluations. Here, we proposed an explorative study for the use of an adapted sensory evaluation protocol, that could be used by trained panelists to effectively evaluate pea-protein-based foods. In short, we adapted a classical protocol-we incorporated relative-to-reference evaluation, and panelists assessed attributes in blocks rather than all at once. We conducted an experiment in which both classical and block protocols were used to evaluate pea protein solutions made with one set of isolates. Similar results were obtained with classical versus block protocol, although panelist performance (reproducibility and homogeneity) was better with block protocol. Sensitivity to bitterness was also investigated for this limited number of panelists (PROP test), and it was found that high and medium PROP tasters could better discriminate among pea protein solutions.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Audrey Cosson) 18 Jul 2023
https://hal.science/hal-03639287v1
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[hal-02640820] Development of a methodology to study typicity of PDO wines with professionals of the wine sector
BACKGROUND Today, many agricultural products claiming a link to their origin and typicity receive a warm welcome on the market. Nevertheless, the notion of typicity is blurred for consumers and needs to be objectified for communication purposes. This study aims at formalizing a methodology for studying typicity of terroirs, with PDO wines as an example, using a participatory approach with professionals of the wine sector from terroirs, using focus group and tasting. The vision of typicity of terroirs by professionals outside of these terroirs has been studied by a free word association task. RESULTS This study allowed a clear distinguishing of the typicity of the studied terroirs. Professionals from terroirs identified the global conceptual typicity of their terroirs using various factors, mainly soil, geography and grape variety, whereas professionals outside terroirs expressed their visions of terroirs by reputation or sensory characteristics of wines. Tasting results showed a discrimination of wines based on their typicity and highlighted descriptors involved in sensory perceptual typicity for each studied terroir. CONCLUSIONS Professionals from terroirs share a common vision of their typicity and identify more typicity factors than professionals outside terroirs. Sensory typicity has been highlighted for five of the six terroirs studied, according to the various descriptors. The study of two populations, from and outside terroirs, shows the gap between the typicities identified by professionals from terroirs and those perceived by professionals outside terroirs. (c) 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Coline Leriche) 28 May 2020
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-02640820v1
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[hal-02615773] Implementing LCA early in food innovation processes: Study on spirulina-based food products
Food transformation companies could employ LCA upstream of product development to eco-design their new products, in order to limit the impact of new food products on the environment. But the knowledge required when using LCA on food products under development is imperfect. This study aims to overcome the difficulties of assessing the environmental impacts of imprecise food pre-concepts early on in innovation process, by developing a three-step modular LCA method: (1) creation of scenarios for each pre-concept within four modules: "ingredients," "packaging," "transportation," and "energy + water"; (2) transversal analyses of the module scenarios and the modules themselves to estimate the pre-concepts' environmental impacts, which were then conveyed by single scores; and (3) dissemination of the results to stakeholders. The method was applied to spirulina-based food pre-concepts. Results showed that the modular approach identified hotspots relevant to the company. The ingredients module contributed the most to the impacts but was the most variable and uncertain module. The single scores facilitated decision-making for stakeholders unfamiliar with LCA. But some expertise was required to inform the company on the origin of impacts and the causes of variations. The method served as an informational tool that led the food company to question some of its prevailing assumptions. This study concludes that it is possible to perform LCA on imprecise pre-concepts using a simplified modular framework. Research must continue to include agri-food data in LCA databases and to simplify the internalization of LCA expertise in agri-food businesses.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Chloé Thomas) 22 Aug 2022
https://hal.science/hal-02615773v1
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[hal-02539918] Research perspectives in ecodesign
Ecodesign has gained significant traction in recent years ranging from academic research to business applications at a global scale. Initial emphasis on the environmental aspect of design has evolved to include economic and social aspects, with projects ranging from small-scale products to large-scale industrial systems. In this paper, the authors re-analyse 10 of their major ecodesign research projects of the past ten years to identify five categories of challenges and promising future directions for ecodesign research. This paper is primarily a retrospective position paper based on the authors’ experience of actual design studies, providing also a relevant literature review and summary of design practices.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Harrison Kim) 11 May 2022
https://hal.science/hal-02539918v1
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[hal-02945085] Vers une action collective à l'échelle des paysages
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ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Mourad Hannachi) 22 Sep 2020
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-02945085v1
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[hal-02625483] Rendre l'ingérable gérable par la transformation collective de la situation de gestion : étude du cas de la gestion d'une maladie animale en Corse
Les crises sanitaires animales (grippe aviaire, vache folle…) mettent régulièrement à l’épreuve les dispositifs de gestion régaliens des maladies animales à fort potentiel épidémique. Si de nombreuses études ont analysé les décalages entre l’effectivité supposée de ces dispositifs et les réalités des territoires dans lesquels ils se déploient, peu de travaux concernent précisément la construction de stratégies collectives impliquant une large diversité d’acteurs (éleveurs, chasseurs, vétérinaires libéraux, administrations…), aux intérêts souvent antagonistes. Pour étayer la réflexion des acteurs sur ces décalages à partir d’une recherche embarquée, cet article présente une étude de cas concernant la gestion, en Corse, de la maladie de la rage porcine (ou maladie d’Aujeszky), qui tient en échec les acteurs du sanitaire, du fait d’un agencement complexe de causes biologiques, socio-économiques et organisationnelles. Partant, l’article propose de tirer les leçons de la mise en œuvre d’une démarche participative, pilotée par des chercheurs, pour construire un nouveau dispositif de gestion visant à traiter la complexité de cette association de causes. L’étude décrit l’émergence d’une forme de middle management de proximité, et en donne les caractéristiques d’intermédiation. Dans un contexte de transition dans la gouvernance du sanitaire, l’étude éclaire des pistes de construction locales et multi-acteurs de l’action publique.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (François Charrier) 29 Jun 2021
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-02625483v1
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[hal-02511806] Co-development of a decision support system for integrated weed management: Contribution from future users
Fanners and farm advisors need a decision support system (DSS) to develop multiperformant weed management strategies adapted to economic, social and environmental stakes and farmers' constraints. We worked with future users, farmers, and crop advisors to define the uses and type of DSS they needed, via an online survey, group meetings and workshops. The feedback from future users helped to define the structure of the DSS with two complementary DSS needed: (1) a synthetic tool working with meta-decision rules to help with a complete overhaul of a cropping system, and (2) a precise and detailed tool for fine tuning cropping systems. Here, we present how we interacted with future users to transform an existing research model into a DSS by (1) defining its goal, application field and structure, (2) entering into the DSS knowledge on biophysical processes comprised in the mechanistic weed dynamics model FLORSYS. We selected a more appropriate vocabulary for describing agricultural practices and formats with future users. Based on their feedback, a large range of weed impact indicators was included in the DSS so that farmers can choose the most pertinent for their objectives. Based on workshops with farmers, a decision tree format with numerical values of weed impact indicators was chosen to demonstrate the impacts of multiple cultural practices combinations. The DSS also includes an online calculator predicting weed (dis)services from meta-decision rules which was tested by crop advisors. Responses of the DSS were sometimes not expected by users, but were still considered interesting highlighting the need of agronomical support while using the tool.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Floriane Colas) 21 Jul 2022
https://institut-agro-dijon.hal.science/hal-02511806v1
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[hal-03134297] How farmers learn to change their weed management practices: Simple changes lead to system redesign in the French West Indies
Herbicides used in agriculture pollute water worldwide. However, several weed management alternatives can reduce herbicide applications. The understanding of interactions between agronomics and the learning and social processes that favor changes in practices on a territorial scale is still far from complete. Despite the call for systemic change approaches, most studies are still based on technology transfer. Research and extension services provide references on alternative weed management practices and promote their use among farmers. We surveyed 33 farmers in a 45 km(2) tropical catchment plus five institutional extension services. We analyzed changes in weed management practices on the 33 farms belonging to three different agricultural chains: local diversified horticulture, sugarcane, and export banana. For each change, we analyzed the learning processes and the networks involved in information exchanges. First, we show that the complexity of the practices promoted by extension services limits their adoption. Second, we show that simple practices adopted by farmers are part of a slow trajectory of change involving the gradual acquisition of knowledge. A redesign of cropping systems can emerge as the result of a gradual adding of complexity in practices and/or a specific systemic change on a cropping system scale. Sharing knowledge and resources in a non-competitive way speeds up changes among farmers sharing resources and promotes the redesigning of cropping systems. Third, we show that the structure and functioning of relational networks limit changes in practices on a watershed scale. We thus recommend that innovation design should incorporate co-designing of the pathway of change, by designing a succession of simple changes rather than a complex final system only. We recommend including non-competitive resource pooling among farmers in the co-designing of innovation.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Landry Deffontaines) 21 Dec 2021
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-03134297v1
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[hal-02445107] Designing Innovative Management for Cultivated Biodiversity: Lessons from a Pioneering Collaboration between French Farmers, Facilitators and Researchers around Participatory Bread Wheat Breeding
The industrialization of farming has significantly threatened cultivated biodiversity. Participatory breeding endeavours to overcome this issue by enabling farmers to select a wide range of crop varieties in different conditions, and to foster genetic mixing through seed exchanges, crosses or mixtures. This necessitates the design of new forms of coordination and organization for the farmers and partners involved. This article reports on an ongoing initiative, aiming to facilitate the participatory design of such forms of coordination and organization. It first outlines the method used (Knowledge-Concept-Proposals or KCP ®), and how it has been tailored to this highly decentralized context involving politically engaged actors on a quest for autonomy. It then presents the exploratory results of the first two workshops: these include group consolidation, the sharing of heterogeneous knowledge, the generation of innovative ideas, and the elaboration of preliminary projects. Finally, this empirical case is compared with other initiatives supporting the participatory design of natural resource management strategies and tools. Its key original dimensions and benefits are that the workshop protocol is replicable, the data produced can be easily exploited, and it allows for testing hypotheses in the field of design science.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Elsa E. Berthet) 19 Jan 2020
https://minesparis-psl.hal.science/hal-02445107v1
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[hal-02875072] Drivers of decoupling and recoupling of crop and livestock systems at farm and territorial scales
Crop and livestock production have become spatially decoupled in existing commercial agricultural regimes throughout the world. These segregated high input production systems contribute to some of the world's most pressing sustainability challenges, including climate change, nutrient imbalances, water pollution, biodiversity decline, and increasingly precarious rural livelihoods. There is substantial evidence that by closing the loop in nutrient and energy cycles, recoupling crop and livestock systems at farm and territorial scales can help reduce the environmental externalities associated with conventional commercial farming without declines in profitability or yields. Yet such integrated crop and livestock systems remain rare as a proportion of global agricultural area. Based on an interdisciplinary workshop and additional literature review, we provide a comprehensive historical and international perspective on why integrated crop and livestock systems have declined in most regions and what conditions have fostered their persistence and reemergence in others. We also identify levers for encouraging the reemergence of integrated crop and livestock systems worldwide. We conclude that a major disruption of the current regime would be needed to foster crop-livestock reintegration, including a redesign of research programs, credit systems, payments for ecosystem services, insurance programs, and food safety regulations to focus on whole farm outcomes and the creation of a circular economy. An expansion of the number of integrated crop and livestock systems field trials and demonstrations and efforts to brand integrated crop and livestock systems as a form of sustainable agriculture through the development of eco-labels could also improve adoption, but would likely be unsuccessful at encouraging wide-scale change without a more radical transformation of the research and policy landscape.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Rachael D Garrett) 19 Jun 2020
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-02875072v1
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[hal-03108292] Design of equipment for agroecology: Coupled innovation processes led by farmer-designers
More and more questions are currently being raised as to what the farm equipment of the future ought to be and how it should be designed to best meet contemporary challenges in farming. In Western countries, innovation in agricultural equipment is focused on a dominant model in which the agro-industry designs and patents standardised equipment for farmers. However, today's ambitions for agriculture, with agroecology in the lead, require us to devise farming systems that are adaptable to social and ecological uncertainties, and to recognise and embrace the diversity of situations in which farming is practiced. There has until now been little research on equipment design processes consistent with these principles, and this research helps to fill this gap. To address this issue, we studied the French "Atelier Paysan" R&D organisation, created to support on-farm design of suitable equipment for agroecology. Based on design theories, we analysed three aspects of Atelier Paysan's design activities: specific properties of the equipment designed under its aegis; specific features of the design processes; and roles that Atelier Paysan takes on to enable the design of this equipment. Our results show that all the equipment designed was appropriate for the designers' situations and requirements, and adaptable to other situations. It emerged from design processes in which the farmers had the support of R&D to design both their own equipment and the cropping systems for which it would be used. We call this the design of coupled innovations, and show that farm equipment and cropping systems are designed together during experiments. Lastly, we show that the Atelier Paysan R&D organisation supports these design processes in three ways: it enables farmers to share their experiences of on-farm design; it makes available a set of resources to stimulate farmer-driven design of new equipment; and it brings together designers scattered all over France around a shared ambition for agriculture. This work opens up avenues for research: (i) to explore an alternative to the dominant design, which would rely on coupled innovation design processes and allow for the emergence of appropriate and adaptable equipment that complies with agroecological principles; and (ii) to explore ways of organising open-innovation processes for agroecology, by supporting farmer-designers, and thus rethinking the roles of 'users' in these processes.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Chloé Salembier) 25 Jan 2021
https://minesparis-psl.hal.science/hal-03108292v1
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[hal-02627821] Tracking on-farm innovative practices to support crop mixture design: The case of annual mixtures including a legume crop
The use of crop mixtures can help to reduce environmental impacts of agriculture, while maintaining, or even increasing yield. However, farmers seldom use crop mixtures, due to a combination of obstacles characterizing a sociotechnical lock-in. The dominant system remains the cultivation of pure crops, with acknowledged en- vironmental impacts, but some innovative farmers are experimenting crop mixtures. This study aimed to identify and analyze the crop mixtures grown by these farmers, with a view to creating cognitive resources to help other farmers to adopt and adapt this practice to their own context. The on-farm innovative practices tracking method was implemented in Center-West and Southwest France. We surveyed 47 farmers who were already growing crop mixtures. Semi-structured interviews were conducted to identify the crop mixtures grown by these farmers, the objectives targeted with these mixtures, the crop man- agement applied, and the farmers’ satisfaction criteria. In total, 77 combinations involving 29 different species were found. Most of the mixtures included grain or forage legumes. We distinguished seven types of crop mixtures, based on their seasonal or temporal organiza- tion, and the target outlets for the mixtures. Each type of crop mixture was associated with a particular set of farmer’s objectives. Crop management practices for mixtures of similar species sometimes differed considerably between farmers. An analysis of the agronomic rationale of farmers revealed consistency between technical choices, farmer’s objectives and farm context. Based on an agronomic cross-analysis of these on-farm innovative practices, we generated actionable knowledge and cognitive resources to support farmers and agricultural extension workers wishing to redesign their cropping systems to make them more sustainable.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Valentin Verret) 26 May 2020
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-02627821v1
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[hal-02964136] Innovations developed within supply chains hinder territorial ecological transition: the case of a watershed in Martinique
AbstractSome chemical herbicides used by farmers in Martinique contaminate rivers. Agroecological innovations exist, some of which are known by the stakeholders but are not systematically used at the scale of the watersheds concerned. Our hypothesis is that the sociotechnical agricultural supply chain system built over the last 30 years restricts innovations for herbicide use in weed management systems, blocking the sustainable transition of territories. The sociotechnical system theory was chosen as the analysis framework to identify obstacles in supply chains. As the issue cut across the supply chains at the scale of the territory, this framework was completed, for the first time, by a study of the existing links between supply chain innovation strategies and the territory through its spatial, organisational and conceptual dimensions. Interviews with supply chain actors and a review of the grey literature were analysed using this framework. We show that the development of innovations, their type and the network of actors producing them were defined within each supply chain, according to their own objectives, with few exchanges at all levels of the territory. The efficiency of such development depended on the extent to which the supply chains are structured and, particularly, on their degree of integration and the strength of relationships between stakeholders. Indeed, watershed scale objectives are not taken into consideration in changes of practice. In this way, we identified lock-in constraining innovations design taking into account the objectives of the impact area (watershed) across supply chains for the first time.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Pauline Della Rossa) 01 Mar 2021
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-02964136v1
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[hal-02530850] Complémentarités culture -élevage à l'échelle territoire : facteurs de déverrouillage et de pérennisation des projets collectifs
Les complémentarités entre culture et élevage apparaissent de plus en plus comme des leviers de développement de pratiques durables. A l’échelle territoire, ces complémentarités entre exploitations spécialisées permettent de recréer une diversité fonctionnelle entre systèmes, tout en maintenant une forme de spécialisation individuelle. Des projets divers ont émergé depuis quelques années et suscitent l’intérêt d’acteurs des filières, des territoires et de la recherche. Cet article présente une synthèse des facteurs de réussite ou de blocage dans ces projets, à travers une analyse des trajectoires de plusieurs cas d’étude. Les facteurs identifiés sont variés : techniques, organisationnels, sociaux. Plusieurs pistes sont identifiées pour renforcer et pérenniser ces projets. Elles font appel à des acteurs du secteur agricole, mais aussi des territoires, chacun ayant un rôle important dans la dynamique de changement.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Marc Moraine) 03 Apr 2020
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-02530850v1
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[hal-03382619] Genetic Diversity and Stability of Performance of Wheat Population Varieties Developed by Participatory Breeding
Modern agricultural systems rely on reduced crop genetic diversity, due in particular to the use of homogeneous elite varieties grown in large areas. However, genetic diversity within fields is a lever for a more sustainable production, allowing greater stability and resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. In France, a Participatory Plant Breeding (PPB) project on bread wheat, involving farmers, facilitators and researchers, has led to the development of heterogeneous populations whose within-variety genetic diversity is expected to confer the ability to adapt to farmers’ practices and environments. We studied the stability and local adaptation of ten of these farmers’ populations as well as two commercial varieties in relation to their within-variety genetic diversity. Although no clear evidence of local adaptation was detected, we found that populations’ grain yield and protein content were more stable over space and time respectively than those of commercial varieties. Moreover, the varieties’ stability over time in terms of protein content was positively correlated with within-variety genetic diversity with no significant drawback on protein yield. These results demonstrate the wide adaptive potential of PPB populations, highlighting the importance of seed exchange networks for agrobiodiversity management and use. They emphasize the benefits of genetic diversity for stability over time, which is of great interest to farmers.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Gaëlle van Frank) 18 Oct 2021
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-03382619v1
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[halshs-02573572] Agencing an innovative territorial trade scheme between crop and livestock farming: The contributions of the sociology of market agencements to alternative agri-food network analysis
The aim of this article is to show the relevance of the sociology of market agencements (an offshoot of actor-network theory) for studying the creation of alternative agri-food networks. The authors start with their finding that most research into alternative agri-food networks takes a strictly informative, cursory look at the conditions under which these networks are gradually created. They then explain how the sociology of market agencements analyzes the construction of innovative markets and how it can be used in agri-food studies. The relevance of this theoretical frame is shown based on an experiment aimed at creating a local trade scheme between manure from livestock farms and alfalfa grown by grain farmers. By using the concepts of the sociology of market agencements, the authors reveal the operations that are required to create an alternative agri-food network and underscore the difficulties that attend each one of these operations. This enables them to see the phenomena of lock-ins and sociotechnical transition in a new light.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Ronan Le Velly) 14 May 2020
https://shs.hal.science/halshs-02573572v1
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[hal-02874858] Thésaurus d’agroécologie : une approche par les usages et avis d’experts
The lack for a French thesaurus dedicated to agroecology led a group of scientific experts and scientific and technical information specialists to build the "Agroecology thesaurus". Its content is based on the output of a territorial watch on Agroecology run in Midi-Pyrenees region between 2013 and 2017. The result, i.e. a structured list of terms, is made accessible under an open license and in a standard format. Its publication on various portals will allow its broad reuse to unforeseen purposes. In this article, we present the methodology used, the thesaurus content and structure as well as its potential for reuse. The original aspect and value of our work is that the group of scientists worked on terms actually used by various stakeholders in the agriculture and food sector. The proposed method can be reused to build thesauri on other emerging domains.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Veronique Batifol) 19 Jun 2020
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-02874858v1
